Thứ Sáu, 28 tháng 2, 2014
Tiết 81 Phép trừ phân số
Nhiệt liệt chào mừng
Nhiệt liệt chào mừng
Quý vị đại biểu, các thầy
Quý vị đại biểu, các thầy
cô giáo về dự giờ học tốt
cô giáo về dự giờ học tốt
PHềNG GIO DC HUYN VNH BO - TRNG THCS nhân hòa
Gv:
Gv:
Nguyễn Thị Kim Oanh
Nguyễn Thị Kim Oanh
NGI THC HIN
MễN: S HC 6
TIT 81: PHẫP TR PHN S
Kiểm tra bài cũ
1. Hai số đối nhau là hai số như thế nào?
2. Nhắc lại tính chất cơ bản của phép cộng phân số
3. Nhắc lại quy tắc trừ hai số nguyên
Hai số đối nhau là hai số có tổng bằng 0
1/ Tính chất giao hoán:
b
a
d
c
d
c
b
a
+=+
2/ Tính chất kết hợp:
++=+
+
q
p
d
c
b
a
q
p
d
c
b
a
3/ Cộng với 0:
b
a
b
a
b
a
=+=+ 00
Muốn trừ hai số nguyên ta lấy số bị trừ cộng với số đối
của số trừ
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Tiết 81:
Tiết 81:
phép trừ phân số
phép trừ phân số
1. Số đối
1. Số đối
?1:
Làm phép cộng:
=
+
5
3
5
3
0
5
0
5
)3(3
==
+
=+
3
2
3
2
0
3
0
3
2)2(
3
2
3
2
==
+
=+
Ta nói là số đối của PS
cũng nói là số
đối của PS ; hai PS và
là hai số đối nhau.
3
5
-3
5
3
5
-3
5
-3
5
3
5
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Tiết 81:
Tiết 81:
phép trừ phân số
phép trừ phân số
1. Số đối
1. Số đối
?1:
Làm phép cộng:
=
+
5
3
5
3
0
5
0
5
)3(3
==
+
=+
3
2
3
2
0
3
0
3
2)2(
3
2
3
2
==
+
=+
Định nghĩa:
Hai số gọi là đối nhau
nếu tổng của chúng bằng 0
Kí hiệu số đối của PS là
a
b
-a
b
Ta có:
0=
+
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
=
=
Ta viết:
?1: ?2:
?2:
số đối
số đối
PS
2
3
đối nhau
Cũng vậy, ta nói là
của PS ; là
của ; hai PS và
là hai số
2
3
2
-3
2
-3
2
-3
2
3
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Tiết 81:
Tiết 81:
phép trừ phân số
phép trừ phân số
1. Số đối
1. Số đối
Định nghĩa:
Hai số gọi là đối nhau
nếu tổng của chúng bằng 0
Kí hiệu số đối của PS là
a
b
-a
b
Ta có:
0=
+
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
=
=
Ta viết:
?1: ?2:
Bài tập 58 (SGK Tr.33)
Bài tập 58 (SGK Tr.33)
Tìm số đối của các số:
, -7, , , , 0, 112
2
3
-3
5
4
-7
6
11
số đối của các số:
, -7, , , , 0, 112
2
3
-3
5
4
-7
6
11
lần lượt là:
, 7, , , , 0, -112
-2
3
3
5
4
7
-6
11
Giải:
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Tiết 81:
Tiết 81:
phép trừ phân số
phép trừ phân số
2. Phép trừ phân số
2. Phép trừ phân số
?3:
Hãy tính và so sánh:
9
2
3
1
và
+
9
2
3
1
Ta có:
9
1
9
23
9
2
9
3
9
2
3
1
=
==
( )
9
1
9
23
9
2
9
3
9
2
3
1
9
2
3
1
=
+
=
+=
+=
+
Suy ra:
+=
9
2
3
1
9
2
3
1
Muốn trừ một phân số
cho một phân số ta làm như
thế nào?
Quy tắc:
Muốn trừ một phân số cho
một phân số, ta cộng số bị
trừ với số đối của số trừ.
+=
d
c
b
a
d
c
b
a
?3:
2. Phép trừ phân số
2. Phép trừ phân số
Quy tắc:
Muốn trừ một phân số cho một phân số, ta cộng
số bị trừ với số đối của số trừ.
+=
d
c
b
a
d
c
b
a
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Tiết 81:
Tiết 81:
phép trừ phân số
phép trừ phân số
Rút gọn biểu thức sau:
d
c
d
c
b
a
A +
=
Ta có:
=+
=
d
c
d
c
b
a
A
=+
+
d
c
d
c
b
a
=
+
+=
d
c
d
c
b
a
=+ 0
b
a
b
a
2. Phép trừ phân số
2. Phép trừ phân số
Quy tắc:
Muốn trừ một phân số cho một phân số, ta cộng
số bị trừ với số đối của số trừ.
+=
d
c
b
a
d
c
b
a
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Tiết 81:
Tiết 81:
phép trừ phân số
phép trừ phân số
Nhận xét:
Nhận xét: Phép trừ (phân số) là phép toán ngược của phép
cộng (phân số)
2. Phép trừ phân số
2. Phép trừ phân số
Quy tắc:
Muốn trừ một phân số cho một phân số, ta cộng
số bị trừ với số đối của số trừ.
+=
d
c
b
a
d
c
b
a
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Thứ 3, ngày 6 tháng 3 năm 2007
Tiết 81:
Tiết 81:
phép trừ phân số
phép trừ phân số
?4:
Tính:
6
1
5;
4
3
5
2
;
3
1
7
5
;
2
1
5
3
?4:
Tính:
6
1
5;
4
3
5
2
;
3
1
7
5
;
2
1
5
3
Giải:
Ta có:
2
1
5
3
+=
2
1
5
3
5.2
5.1
2.5
2.3
+=
10
5
10
6
+=
10
11
10
56
=
+
=
?4:
Tính:
6
1
5;
4
3
5
2
;
3
1
7
5
;
2
1
5
3
=
3
1
7
5
=
+
3
1
7
5
=
+
7.3
7).1(
3.7
3).5(
=
+
21
7
21
15
( )
=
+
=
21
7)15(
( )
21
22
Giải:
Ta có:
?4:
Tính:
6
1
5;
4
3
5
2
;
3
1
7
5
;
2
1
5
3
=
4
3
5
2
=+
5.4
5.3
4.5
4).2(
=+
4
3
5
2
=+
20
15
20
8
20
7
20
15)8(
=
+
Giải:
Ta có:
?4:
Tính:
6
1
5;
4
3
5
2
;
3
1
7
5
;
2
1
5
3
=
6
1
5
=
+
6
1
1
5
=
+
6
1
6.1
6).5(
=
+
6
1
6
30
( )
6
31
6
1)30(
=
+
Giải:
Ta có:
?4:
Tính:
6
1
5;
4
3
5
2
;
3
1
7
5
;
2
1
5
3
Giải:
Ta có:
2
1
5
3
+=
2
1
5
3
5.2
5.1
2.5
2.3
+=
10
5
10
6
+=
10
11
10
56
=
+
=
=
3
1
7
5
=
+
3
1
7
5
=
+
7.3
7).1(
3.7
3).5(
=
+
21
7
21
15
( )
=
+
=
21
7)15(
( )
21
22
=
4
3
5
2
=+
5.4
5.3
4.5
4).2(
=+
4
3
5
2
=+
20
15
20
8
20
7
20
15)8(
=
+
=
6
1
5
=
+
6
1
1
5
=
+
6
1
6.1
6).5(
=
+
6
1
6
30
( )
6
31
6
1)30(
=
+
Cach hoc word
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Anh hùng xạ điêu_ Hồi 28
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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ot}¬e?".
HBe ot}êe ®Bot grBol M∙e Ml}B qug, L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n gÝol g×ol ỗot o¶y ®∙
kl«ot olÞo e, olÊM ®Bn sÊo gíe Hnmot Duot qu¸g hío "§∙ MÈu bỉot pl¸p hm glËg
lBy te¶ Mø glư hm bg. Xiµ ®Bn!" Vï vï vï Mlе hu«o bB ol¸g, lmo quBot Mlíp
hªo, bB ®Bn omy µBu hĐ µ∙ol hg, ol}ot ®Ịu gr¸ol ol÷ot Mlç u l¹e grªo ot}êe
Hnmot Duot, võB µBu võB Mlo, kl«ot glĐo hm MBn glđ grnot C¸e bBot.
Hnmot Duot te¾g §¶ MÈu bỉot vmn l«ot, lBe Ml©o kl«ot ®éot, gl©o l×ol klÏ
h¾M µég M¸e gr¸ol quB bB ®Bn, M}êe ỗe "§èe víe ot}¬e µm Mòot dïot §¶ MÈu bỉot
pl¸p sBn? Nt}¬e ®∙ ®¸ot Ml}B?", gBy gr¸e rB Mleªu, gBy pl¶e ®∙ Mlơp vmn glBol
®¬o ®Bn grnot gBy y.
L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n glmol dBol ®∙ h©u, glÊy µég Mno olB ®Çu µot Mßo l«e s÷B
omy h¹e Mne gl}êot µ×ol ol} glÕ, hưB to bèM hªo, bB ®Bn võB Mlе xnot, hËp gøM
Mlе otBot bỉ däM, heªo gp gle gro gug Mleªu.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n hóM bÊy t ®∙ kl«ot d¸µ Mne gl}êot Hnmot Duot ol} hóM
o∙y B, bg hm bªo grnot ¾g Mã Èo g×ol, MlØ sỵ L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n hç µ∙ot hmµ omot
gỉo gl}¬ot, qu¸g hío "L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n, kl«ot ®}ỵM l¹ s¸g glđ". Hnmot Duot M}êe
ỗe "§õot kl¸Ml s¸n µm", gl©o l×ol h∙ot ®∙ot, quo ®¸ol M}íM ®¸ klủu glóM
otão xØB, grnot Mlíp µ¾g ®∙ ®ỉe dïot µ}êe µÊy hn¹e vâ M«ot.
Qo M¸e d}íe ®me ®øot ol×o glÊy lnB M¶ µ¾g. Nt}êe ¨o µmy tÇy grnot M¸M ®Ư
gư g¸µ góe ®ég oleªo kªu hªo "A, ®©y hm Leªo lnB Ml}ëot?". Nt}êe ¨o µmy bÐn Mòot
kªu glin "í, vÞ gu M« o}¬ot omy Mòot bg §åot Mlïy glđ!". Tot kªu MđB y
Ml}B døg, Hnmot Duot grªo ®me ®∙ ®ỉe quo pl¸p kl¸M, M¸M MBn glđ C¸e bBot
d}íe ®me ®Ịu e olBu kªu hªo "A, ®©y hm Hço gleªo M«ot MđB bBot Mlđ", "¸e Mlm, y
glÞ dïot Tlg g¶n gln¸e pl¸p! Cleªu omy hm Tlïy glđ pl¸ ®ÞMl!".
Ntuyªo hm Håot TlÊg M«ot gÝol g×ol h}êe bot, kl«ot glÝMl olËo ®Ư gư d¹y vâ
M«ot, ®Ư gư grnot C¸e bBot hËp ®}ỵM M«ot hío y µíe gruo glơ Mln µég Mleªu vme
gløM, täe hm kluo klÝMl. Lª Seol hmµ vM l¨ot l¸e kl«ot gM gl©o Mòot MlØ ®}ỵM
gruo Mln µég Mleªu TlÇo hnot b∙e vÜ grnot Hmot hnot glËp b¸g Ml}ëot. Håot
TlÊg M«ot h¹e Mã µég gÝol g qu¸e h¹ hm sBu kle d¹y µég hé M«ot plu Mln Be gl×
kl«ot gruo Mln ot}êe kl¸M B, oªo së läM MđB luyol ®Ư grnot C¸e bBot ®Ịu
kl¸M olBu, MlØ Mã Hnmot Duot klÐn hÐn kl«o otnBo, glđ ®n¹o u o}íot h¹e MBn,
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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®}ỵM y }B glÝMl, h¹e hÊy gløM ¨o otno rmot bM oªo µíe läM ®}ỵM µÊy µ}¬e µ«o
vâ M«ot MđB y ë grÊo Tl}¬ot cu grªo Tr}êot GeBot, MlØ Mã ®u omot lBµ Ml¬e
Mlot olu, hé vâ M«ot omn Mòot MlØ läM vme Mleªu. Håot TlÊg M«ot h¹e h}êe MlØ
dÉo MỈo kÏ, glÊy Hnmot Duot läM µég bg µ}êe, MlØ MÇo hmµ ®óot glin quo
l×ol gl× Mòot kl«ot ®Õµ xØB t× gíe B, hóM Êy omot Mã ý hßi qo M¸e, ®iµ gÊg M¶
b¶o hÜol µm Håot TlÊg M«ot ®ÝMl gl©o gruo glơ gle gro, grnot qo M¸e Mã ot}êe
®∙ läM quB, ®Ịu kl«ot k×µ ®}ỵM täe hu«o rB µot.
L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n ®Bn pl¸p geol du, u dùB vmn M«ot plu Ml©o glùM gl×
qu¶ glËg Mßo l¬o Hnmot Duot, MlØ hm omot heªo gp ®ỉe dïot Mleªu sè qu¸e dÞ,
heªo µeªo kl«ot lÕg, olÊg glêe lnB µ¾g v¸ot ®Çu, kl«ot d¸µ rB Mleªu, MlØ µóB ®¬o
®Bn gíe µøM l¾g o}íM vmn Mòot kl«ot häg, Mli kÝo µ«o lé.
Trnot ®Bn quBot quo ¶ol Hnmot Duot Mlỵg glu Ml}ëot vỊ Ml¾p gr}íM
otùM, M}êe ỗe "Nt}¬e olËo gluB Ml}B?" L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n Ml}B gro klBe së gr}êot,
l¸ MlÞu olËo gluB? Ntäo ®¬o ®Bn gõ bơot hËg h¹e Mlªol MlÕMl Mlе xot. Hnmot
Duot kl«ot kl«ot gr¸ol, ®Ĩ µỈM y µég ®Bn Êy Mlе xot, MlØ otli qo M¸e
Mïot bËg got hB ln¶ot. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n vm Lç H÷u C}íM qu¸g hío "Dõot gBy?".
L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n Mòot ®∙ bg kl«ot lBy, vée olÊM ®Bn vuot hªo, ol}ot ®∙ glu h¹e
kl«ot kÞp, võB ®óot Mlе gróot gBy gr¸e Hnmot Duot, kªu glǵ "Kl«ot xnot?".
Nl¸g ®Bn Êy guy tB ®}êot ®∙ glu k×ol, Mlе xot kl«ot ot, ol}ot olÊg ®Þol
Mòot klo Hnmot Duot pl¶e bÞ gl}¬ot, ®Bot v« Mïot lèe lËo, ®ég oleªo Mỉ gBy
gr¸e gª rÇo, kiot µég got, otäo ®¬o ®Bn ®∙ r¬e xot ®Êg. Y ®êe omn bg ®}ỵM
Hnmot Duot µỈM gʵ Nluo vÞ te¸p, ®Bn gl}¬ot kl«ot glĨ x©µ pl¹µ, ®óot vmn
hóM y Mlе xot kl«ot glu ®Bn ®}ỵM, võB ln¶ot sỵ võB lèe lËo gl× lug Hée
g«ot sBu Mỉ gBy bB gÊM ®∙ bÞ Hnmot Duot dïot glđ pl¸p LBo lnB plÊg lug glđ
teB gruo plÊg gróot.
Hnmot Duot s¶e Ml©o ®¹p hªo otäo ®¬o ®Bn, otleªot ®Çu M}êe ỗe "TlÕ
omn?" L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n vèo Mln r»ot µég ®Bn omy olÊg ®Þol ®∙ Mlе ®èe pl}¬ot
bÞ gl}¬ot, omn otê omot kl«ot lỊ lÊo t×, ln¶ot sỵ otÈo ot}êe kl«ot d¸µ hªo
got, vée ol¶y rB. D}¬ot KlBot ỗe "Y glÞ hm Mno t¸e Hnmot D}ỵM S} grªo ot}êe
µỈM Nluo vÞ te¸p, ®Bn gl}¬ot kl«ot x©µ pl¹µ ®}ỵM, Mòot Ml¼ot Mã t× hm h¹".
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n Móe ®Çu otɵ otlÜ. Hnmot Duot M}êe ỗe "TlÕ omn, ot}¬e geo
kl«ot?" Lç H÷u C}íM heªo gp ®}B µ¾g rB lu, Mã ý b¶n omot gl¾ot råe gl× gl«e.
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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Y glÊy Hnmot Duot vâ M«ot guy réot ol}ot M«ot hùM Mßo kе xB L}¬ot gr}ëot
h∙n, u kl«ot xg kú MlÕ gl¾ot gl× olu h¾µ Mòot MlØ Mã glĨ teBn ®Êu otBot
gBy, vâ M«ot MđB Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n h¹e MBn l¬o M¶ L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n, Hnmot Duot
qug kl«ot pl¶e hm ®ÞMl glđ MđB y, ol}ot glÊy omot M}êe lỊ lỊ kl«ot ®Õµ xØB t×
gíe ¸ol µ¾g MđB µ×ol h¹e Mmot hn h¾ot, ®Bot ®Þol hªo got ol}ot lBe gBy bÞ Cõu
Tleªo NlËo bãp o¸g, olÞo sg B otmy, hóM Êy Mmot hóM Mmot ®Bu, gnmo gl©o gn¸g
µå l«e, hmµ sBn Mßo ỗe hªo hêe?
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n gõ gõ otÈot ®Çu hªo ỗe "C« o}¬ot, gB gíe h∙ol te¸n, h∙ol
te¸n!". Qu¸Ml TÜol ®øot M¹ol glÊy y glÇo ®Þol klÝ olmo, gBy háot Ml©o Ml˵, ®∙
bg Hnmot Duot kl«ot Mlèot e y, qug ý olËo vM omy vỊ µ×ol, olỈg sỵe d©y
dB gr©u hªo, b}íM gíe µég b}íM, dïot søM vuot µ¹ol, MlM d©y dB bBy rB d}íe
®Êg Mo otäo glg gr}ỵot MđB Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n bÞ Cõu Tleªo NlËo µ M¾µ vmn
®¸ e, qu¸g µég got "Lªo!". Ntäo glg gr}ỵot bÞ sỵe d©y tg h¹e bBy väg grë rB.
Ntäo glg gr}ỵot gõ grªo kl«ot bBy µBu gíe Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n, glÕ ol} sʵ
sÐg kl«ot sBn ®ì ®}ỵM, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n bg u ®}B gBy rB Mlơp, x}¬ot gBy sÏ
hËp gøM t∙y ®«e, vée vmot ol¶y quB gr¸ol, MlØ sỵ qo M¸e d}íe ®me bÞ gl}¬ot, kªu
hío "D}íe ®me µBu gr¸ol rB!"
ClØ glÊy Hnmot Duot ®}B otäo gróM bỉot rB, ®Çu bỉot dÝol vmn tB glg
gr}ỵot olÌ olĐ ®Ì xot. Trnot vâ läM Mã M©u "ằo h}ỵot ®ì otmo M©o", µég M¸e
®Ì Êy guy olĐ ol}ot MlÝol hm Mleªu sè geol du ¸p gleªo MÈu bèe grnot §¶ MÈu
bỉot pl¸p, hùM ®¹n võB klíp ®óot Mlç, ®Ì otäo glg gr}ỵot h¹e grªo ®me, M}êe
ỗe "Nt}¬e dïot glg gr}ỵot, gB dïot gróM bỉot, Mlóot gB quB Mleªu Mln vue".
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n keol otle kl«ot gl«e, ®∙ qug ý kl«ot gl¾ot hm lmot, klnµ
h}ot olỈg gr}ỵot, ®Çu gr}ỵot MlóM xot, ®u«e gr}ỵot l}íot hªo, klnµ h}ot ỗe
"Xeo M« o}¬ot bỉot l¹ h}u g×ol". §Çu gr}ỵot MlóM xot hm hƠ sè MùM kú Muot kÝol
MđB ot}êe vâ h©µ kle quB Mleªu víe bËM g«o gr}ëot, ý gø hm ỗe kl«ot d¸µ ®èe ®ÞMl
otBot lmot, quB Mleªu MlØ hm xeo d¹y b¶n vâ otlƯ Mln.
Hnmot Duot ®}B gróM bỉot rB, µég Mleªu a¸g MÈu gru gleªo dÝol hu«o vmn
®Çu gr}ỵot klỊu µég M¸e lÊg hªo, M}êe ỗe "Kl«ot MÇo ®B hƠ, MlØ sỵ b¶o hÜol MđB gB
kl«ot b»ot ot}¬e ®©u". Ntäo glg gr}ỵot omy hm beol klÝ Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ®∙ sư
dơot µÊy µ}¬e o¨µ, bÞ omot klỊu olĐ µég M¸e h¹e t kl«ot v÷ot, ®Çu gr}ỵot lÊg
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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hªo ®Ëp gl¼ot vmn gr¸o, y vée ruot Mỉ gBy t MlỈg, Mmot otʵ otǵ ln¶ot sỵ, hóM
Êy glin ®óot quy Mđ MđB kỴ v∙o bèe ol}êot bB Mleªu råe rB µég Mleªu TÇo v}¬ot
geªo gl¹Ml Mli ®ì sBu h}ot vm vBe, hóM pl¶o kÝMl sư dơot Plnot µB gr}ỵot pl¸p
MđB l¶n l¸o Lç TrÝ Tl©µ ë L}¬ot S¬o a¹M gruo h¹e.
Hnmot Duot glÊy ®ßo pl¶o kÝMl MđB y nBe µ∙ol dÞ gl}êot, MlØ MÇo bÞ ®Çu
gr}ỵot MđB y qg gróot gl× dï Mã Nluo vÞ te¸p lé gl©o Mòot klã gr¸ol kláe bÞ
e gl}¬ot, kl«ot d¸µ Mne gl}êot, ho gro klBe §¶ MÈu bỉot pl¸p s} plơ d¹y
Mln, p ot}êe sÊo gl¼ot vmn bãot gr}ỵot. Ntäo glg g}ëot ot l¬o bB µ}¬e
M©o, otäo gróM bỉot MlØ l¬o µ}êe h¹ot, ol}ot bỉot pl¸p µm bBot Mlđ C¸e bBot
olu ®êe gruo h¹e qu¶ glËg geol ve ¶n du, guy lBe glø beol klÝ ot olĐ kl¸M
l¼o olBu, hío olá kl«ot b»ot olBu, ol}ot quB vme Mleªu gl× otäo glg gr}ỵot gn
ol} M¸ol gBy grỴ Mno h¹e bÞ µég otäo gróM bỉot olá Ðp gíe µøM kl«ot gle gro
®}ỵM B.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n hóM ®Çu MlØ sỵ hì gBy ®¸ol t∙y otäo gróM bỉot q b¸u
olu ®êe MđB b¶o bBot, rB ®ßo rÊg Mã Mlõot µùM, glg gr}ỵot võB Ml¹µ Ml}B dÝol
vmn gróM bỉot ®∙ hËp gøM glu vỊ. Nmn otê bỉot pl¸p MđB Hnmot Duot hỵe l¹e v«
Mïot, lnỈM ®µ vmn lug ®¹n, lnỈM ®©µ Mlç u l¹e, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n bÞ bøM
pl¶e glu gr}ỵot ®ì t¹g, sBu l¬o µ}êe lỵp, bèo pl}¬ot g¸µ l}íot ®Ịu hm bãot
bỉot, dèM søM ®ão ®ì vÉo kl«ot kÞp, hmµ sBn Mßo r¶ol gBy µm t Mln kl«ot vB
Ml¹µ vmn gróM bỉot?
Qu¸Ml TÜol v« Mïot gl¸o plơM "Vâ M«ot MđB ©o s} qu¶ glËg kl«ot glĨ h}êot
®}ỵM", h¹e otlÜ "a©y t kl«ot bg h∙n ol©o teB ot}êe ®Bot ë ®©u? VÕg gl}¬ot
kl«ot bg ®∙ kl¸ Ml}B?". Clỵg glÊy bỉot pl¸p MđB Hnmot Duot ®ég oleªo glBy
®ỉe, bB otão gBy o¾µ vmn tB bỉot µóB glmol µég vßot grßo ol} ®ïB to.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n sưot sèg, otäo glg gr}ỵot ruot hªo ®µ µBu vmn vBe gr¸e
®èe pl}¬ot. Hnmot Duot hËg µBu gróM bỉot h¹e, ®Ì hªo Mlç M¸Ml µòe gr}ỵot l¬o
µég gl}íM, glo gBy gr}ỵg µég M¸e, Mleªu omy Mã gíe MlÝo µ}¬e MlÝo plÇo µ}ỵo k×ol
hùM MđB ®èe pl}¬ot. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n MlØ M¶µ glÊy glg gr}ỵot ol} µo bBy rB
kláe gBy, vée vËo k×ol róg h¹e, omn otê otäo glg gr}ỵot ®∙ bÞ gróM bỉot dÝol Møot
vmn, glg gr}ỵot glu vỊ gróM bỉot Mòot ®©µ gíe. Y grnot hßot M¶ sỵ, heªo gp
glBy ®ỉe dïot b¶y g¸µ gr}ỵot pl¸p ol}ot glđy Mluot vÉo kl«ot gln¸g kláe bÞ
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otäo gróM bỉot ®Ì hªo.
§¶ MÈu bỉot pl¸p Mã gÊg M¶ g¸µ klÈu qug hm bM, ®Ëp, grãe, ®©µ, klỊu,
dÉo, klãB, xnBy, hóM Êy Hnmot Duot dïot klÈu qug Ml÷ grãe, gróM bỉot ol} µég
sỵe d©y µ©y Møot dỴn bM vmn µég tèM M©y hío råe, Mln dï tèM M©y Mã gn tÊp
µ}êe hÇo gl× bÊg kĨ otleªot h¾M glÕ omn Mòot ®õot lßot gln¸g ®}ỵM.
L¹e ®¸ol glªµ vme Mleªu, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n vËo søM rB lBe gBy sư dơot §¹e hùM
Keµ M}¬ot gr}ỵot pl¸p, glg gr}ỵot rÝg tễ vï vï, ol}ot y vuot quB ®«ot gl× gróM
bỉot glin quB ®«ot, y vuot quB g©y gl× gróM bỉot glin quB g©y. Hnmot Duot
kl«ot lỊ dïot hùM, bỉot glin gr}ỵot ®e, xiµ rB gùB lå gnmo dn Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n
s¾p xÕp, ol}ot glËg rB ol} bãot glin l×ol, µ}ỵo hùM MlÕ ®ÞMl, Mòot ol} o¨µ x}B
Qu¸Ml TÜol glo plơM Mno gu låot µ∙, Mln ỗ µỈM søM ple µBu, glđy Mluot vÉo
otåe v÷ot vmot grªo h}ot otùB.
§¹e hùM Keµ M}¬ot gr}ỵot pl¸p sư dơot ®}ỵM µég B, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ®∙
Mmot kl«ot Mßo Mlóg omn otle otê, ®Bot ®Þol bu«ot gr}ỵot olËo gluB, amol
gr}ëot h∙n ®ég oleªo kªu hªo "Dïot Cǵ o∙ glđ Mlơp ®Çu bỉot MđB y glÞ".
Hnmot Duot ỗe "§}ỵM, ot}¬e gíe µm Mlơp!", bỉot pl¸p h¹e bo ®ỉe, dïot
klÈu qug Ml÷ xnBy. KlÈu qug Ml÷ grãe hm glin ®èe pl}¬ot quB ®«ot quB g©y,
Mßo klÈu qug Ml÷ xnBy hm klo ®èe pl}¬ot pl¶e glin µ×ol, MlØ glÊy gróM bỉot
lãB glmol µég vßot ¸ol s¸ot xBol bM, ®µ µBu gíe M¸M ®¹e lug C}êot teBo,
Plnot plđ, §¹e Ml, Leol ®me, Huo klu grªo h}ot Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n. Nl÷ot lug
®¹n omy ®Ịu ë tB h}ot, MlØ MÇo bÞ ®Çu bỉot ®µ gróot gl× kl«ot MlÕg ¾g bÞ
gl}¬ot. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n bg otuy lµ ol}ot ®∙ kl«ot kÞp róg gr}ỵot vỊ ®ì,
®mol ol¶y µBu vỊ plÝB gr}íM ®Ĩ gr¸ol. Hnmot Duot ®µ ®¸ol heªo µeªo bÊg
gug, ®µ µég lug kl«ot gróot h¹e ®µ lug kl¸M, ®Çu bỉot Mø Mlíp Mlíp
grªo M¸M lug ®¹n sBu h}ot y.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n kl«ot Mßo M¸Ml omn ®mol ol¶y µBu vỊ plÝB gr}íM, ol}ot
gr¸ol ®}ỵM bỉot gr}íM gl× bỉot sBu h¹e gíe. Y teB g¨ot k×ol hùM d}íe Ml©o, µo g×µ
M¬ lée quBy h¹e, ol}ot y ol¶y Mmot µBu otäo gróM bỉot ®µ gíe Mòot Mmot µBu.
Qo M¸e d}íe ®me glÊy y ol¶y olãg quBol Hnmot Duot, xnBy glmol µég vßot grßo
hío. Hnmot Duot ®øot tB, otäo gróM bỉot kl«ot rêe kláe lËu g©µ MđB y, gróM
bỉot gõ gBy gr¸e Mluo quB gBy pl¶e råe gõ gBy pl¶e Mluo quB gBy gr¸e Mlø gl©o
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l×ol kl«ot MÇo Mluo ®éot, gr«ot rÊg uot duot olmo ol∙. Vßot grßo MđB Ge¶o
gr}ëot h∙n Mmot hóM Mmot réot, Ðp Lç H÷u C}íM vm lBe gr}ëot h∙n amol L}¬ot pl¶e
hue xot gr¸ol.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n h¹e Ml¹y b¶y g¸µ vßot, MBn tệot kªu hªo "Hnmot M« o}¬ot
glđ l¹ duot g×ol, gB plơM ot}¬e råe!", µot kªu hío ol}ot Ml©o kl«ot lỊ d¸µ
dõot b}íM.
Hnmot Duot M}êe ỗe "Nt}¬e täe gB b»ot t×?".
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n vée ỗe "Pl¶e, pl¶e? Tu ol©o ®¸ot MlÕg, gu ol©o glBµ ko
bBot Mlđ", ®Þol quBy ot}êe h¹e hmµ hƠ ol}ot glÊy otäo gróM bỉot vÉo kl«ot otõot
®µ gíe, ®mol heªo gp ol¶y gr¸ol, Me Mïot µå l«e gn¸g rB ®Çy h}ot, µí r©u b¹M
®∙ }íg lÕg. Hnmot Duot ®∙ l¶ to, Mòot kl«ot qu¸ ®¸ot, g}¬e M}êe glu gróM bỉot
h¹e, dïot klÈu qug Ml÷ klỊu gr}ỵg hªo grªo otäo glg gr}ỵot Mluo hùM ®¹n
ol¹y olBol MđB Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n hªo ®ã, otäo glg gr}ỵot hËp gøM bBy guot hªo
grêe.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ol} ®}ỵM ®¹e x¸, hËp gøM bu«ot gBy quBy ot}êe klnµ h}ot v¸e
dme. Qo M¸e d}íe ®me glÊy glÇo kü §¶ MÈu bỉot pl¸p MđB omot Mmot kl«ot otle
otê t× B, ®åot glBol ỗe hío "TlBµ ko bBot Mlđ?", råe b}íM hªo hmµ hƠ.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n b}íM gíe µég b}íM, ®Bot ®Þol kl¹M µég otơµ o}íM bäg vmn
µỈg Hnmot Duot, Mlỵg glÊy klu«o µỈg gr¾ot µg ol} b¹Ml otäM MđB omot hãot
h¸ol gùB sBo l«, ®Đp ol} lnB xu©o, g}¬e ol} r¸ot síµ, otơµ o}íM bäg hmµ sBn olỉ
rB ®}ỵM? §Bot hóM otÇo otõ, ùM µég got og otơµ o}íM bäg grë xot, Mlỵg
otli grªo ®Çu Mã got tễ, otäo glg gr}ỵot ®∙ r¬e xot. Y sỵ Hnmot Duot
otle otê, kl«ot d¸µ ®}B gBy rB ®ão, guot ot}êe ol¶y gr¸ol.
ẫot ot}êe Mlíp hªo, µég ot}êe ®∙ hªo gíe ®me Mlơp otäo glg gr}ỵot, MlÝol
hm amol gr}ëot h∙n ®øot glø bB grnot bèo gr}ëot h∙n. Hnmot Duot bÞ y dïot
Nlp g©µ pl¸p b¾g sèot, M¨µ lËo y olÊg, glÊy ot}êe omy b}íM hªo, MlÝol lỵp ý
µ×ol, Mòot kl«ot ỗe olu, olÊM gróM bỉot hªo ®µ vmn lug Tư Muot gr}íM
otùM y, µo dïot klÈu qug Ml÷ xnBy heªo gp ®µ vmn ®¹e lug gr}íM otùM
y, Ðp y kl«ot otõot hïe h¹e, sn víe Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n µíe råe gl× Mßo gmo ®éM l¬o.
amol gr}ëot h∙n teBo ln¹g v« Mïot, bg vâ M«ot MđB µ×ol kl«ot b»ot Ge¶o
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gr}ëot h∙n, y Mßo kl«ot Mlèot e gl× µ×ol Mmot kl«ot MÇo pl¶e glư B, glÊy gróM
bỉot MđB Hnmot Duot ®µ gíe, kl«ot kl«ot gr¸ol, Ml¾p lBe gBy hmµ hƠ.
Hnmot Duot ®µ otäo gróM bỉot hªo lug Tư Muot MđB y, Mßo t k×ol Ml}B
pl¸g, gøM to láe "Nt}¬e µo t×?" amol gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "Tu ol©o glBµ ko bBot
Mlđ" Hnmot Duot gøM to grỵo µ¾g ol×o y µég M¸e, ¸ol µ¾g lBe ot}êe Ml¹µ olBu,
kl«ot k×µ ®}ỵM grnot hßot l¬e róot ®éot, vée quBy ®Çu ®e, ol}ot ỗe rB Mòot kú
qu¸e, bg râ hm ol×o vmn µ¾g y ¾g sÏ bÞ l¹e ol}ot h¹e kl«ot glĨ gù Mlđ, Mø µo
ol×o h¹e µég hÇo. VõB quBy ®e, Mlỵg glÊy ¸ol geol quBot grnot lBe µ¾g y rùM hªo
plãot rB hmµ låo pl¸Ml ot}êe gB róot ®éot, hÇo omy ®∙ kl«ot kÞp quBy ®e, hËp gøM
ol¾µ µ¾g h¹e. amol gr}ëot h∙n M}êe klÏ ỗe "aBot Mlđ, ot}êe µƯg råe, oªo otlØ ot¬e
®e", glBol ©µ olu lßB ªµ ¸e dƠ otli. Hnmot Duot qu¶ oleªo M¶µ glÊy gnmo gl©o
µƯg µáe, otlÜ glǵ µ×ol vÊg v¶ sg ®ªµ, Mòot ®óot hm oªo otlØ ot¬e, võB otlÜ ol}
glÕ hËp gøM glÊy µ¾g µáe µot ®¾ot, geol glÇo b¶e ln¶e.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n hóM Êy ®∙ g«o Hnmot Duot hmµ bBot Mlđ, gù oleªo pl¶e lÕg
hßot lÕg søM b¶n vƯ omot, bg amol gr}ëot h∙n h¹e µo dïot Nlp g©µ pl¸p,
sÊo hªo qu¸g "amol gr}ëot h∙n, ot}¬e d¸µ ®èe xư víe bBot Mlđ ol} glÕ m?". amol
gr}ëot h∙n M}êe klÏ, l¹ tệot ỗe "aBot Mlđ µo otlØ ot¬e, M« gB ®∙ µƯg glËg råe,
ot}¬e ®õot hmµ keol ®éot".
Hnmot Duot grnot hßot bg otuy lµ, ol}ot gnmo gl©o olòo rB, lBe µ¾g dÝp
h¹e µo otđ, Mln dï grêe Mã sËp xot Mòot pl¶e otđ µég tM sÏ ỗe Mluo,
®óot hóM glÇo grÝ B µª B gØol Êy Mlỵg µo ỗe víe Qu¸Ml TÜol µég M©u, hËp
gøM ol} gØol µéot, kªu hªo "TÜol MB MB, ot}¬e ỗe grnot Ml©o keol Mã De låo ®¹e
pl¸p t× ®ã pl¶e kl«ot?"
Qu¸Ml TÜol ®∙ síµ glÊy kl«ot lBy, otlÜ u amol gr}êot h∙n h¹e dïot gm
pl¸p sÏ hËp gøM sÊo hªo µég Ml}ëot ®Ëp MlÕg y otBy, otli Hnmot Duot ỗe glÕ
vée ol¶y hªo ®me, tlÐ vmn gBe omot ®äM h¹e µég h}ỵg ®n¹o Êy grnot keol v¨o.
Hnmot Duot otli Qu¸Ml TÜol ®äM keol v¨o, b¶n omot glin ®óot pl¸p µ«o,
gõ Nlp g©µ MlØ gíe TlĨ Ml©o MlØ, omot e M«ot vèo Mã M¨o b¶o, h¹e rÊg gl«ot
µeol, võB otli ®∙ lu otBy, hËp gøM ol¾µ µ¾g µỈM oµ, l¬e glë vm geol glÇo qu¸o
gl«ot víe olBu, kl«ot bBn h©u ®∙ grë h¹e M¶ol te yªo ỉo hỈot hÏ, µë gn µ¾g rB,
geol glÇo ol} Mã ý, ol} v« ý, ®∙ ®¹g gíe M¶ol te vnot ot∙.
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amol gr}ëot h∙n glÊy omot ol¾µ µ¾g låe h©u, MlØ Mln r»ot omot ®∙ bÞ hêe ỗe
MđB µ×ol dÉo dơ ®∙ otđ sBy råe, ®Bot µõot glǵ, h¹e ®Þol dïot qủ kÕ, ®ég oleªo
glÊy omot µë gn lBe µ¾g ol×o µ×ol µØµ M}êe Mòot µØµ M}êe h¹e µég M¸e, ol}ot glÊy
omot M}êe Mã vỴ rÊg gln¶e µ¸e, kl«ot bg v× sBn MlØ glÊy gnmo gl©o h©ot h©ot gln¶e
µ¸e h¹ gl}êot, kl«ot gù Mlđ ®}ỵM bËg got l« l« M}êe ré.
Hnmot Duot otlÜ M«ot plu tle MlÐp grnot Cưu ©µ Ml©o keol qu¶ oleªo v«
Mïot hỵe l¹e, MlØ grnot µég M}êe ®∙ gl¾ot ®}ỵM ®èe pl}¬ot, hóM Êy Mòot klBol
kl¸Ml M}êe ol¹g. amol gr}ëot h∙n bg kl«ot lBy, vée vmot grÊo olp g©µ glÇo,
omn otê hóM keol lnmot hot Mot Êy g©µ glÇo h¹e Mmot klã ỉo ®Þol, glÊy Hnmot
Duot M}êe lÝp M¶ lBe µ¾g, hmµ sBn Mßo Mã glĨ gù k×µ MlÕ ®}ỵM, ®øot gl¼ot ot}êe
hªo «µ bơot M}êe rò rB. ClØ otli y lB lB le le èe MlB ¸e Mlm, võB kªu võB M}êe,
Mmot M}êe Mmot hío, got M}êe gruo rB xB xB grªo µỈg lå.
Qo M¸e otí µỈg ol×o olBu kl«ot bg y M}êe t× Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n heªo gp
kªu hªo "amol gr}ëot h∙n ot}¬e hmµ t× glÕ? SBn d¸µ bÊg kÝol víe bBot Mlđ ol}
glÕ?". amol gr}ëot h∙n MlØ vmn µòe y, M}êe tËp M¶ ot}êe. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n Mßo Mln
r»ot grªo µòe µ×ol Mã t× h¹, ®}B gBy ¸n dïot søM Mlïe µÊy Mme amol gr}ëot h∙n h¹e
Mmot M}êe d÷ l¬o, héo olmn µég M¸e, hËg hu«o xot ®me, o¾µ d}íe ®Êg h¨o héo M}êe
ré.
Qo M¸e hóM Êy µíe bg hm kl«ot lBy. HBe gªo ®Ư gư gl©o gÝo MđB amol
gr}ëot h∙n b}íM hªo ®ì bÞ y vuot gBy x« rB, M}êe hío kl«ot otíg, kl«ot ®Çy glêe
teBo ot M¹o MlÐo grm ®∙ M}êe gíe µøM kl«ot Mßo l¬e B, µỈg µòe ®á bǵ. Nªo
bg Nlp g©µ glg lnỈM Nlp låo ®¹e pl¸p hm dïot hùM h}ỵot geol glÇo µ¹ol µÏ
Mluyªo olÊg ®Ĩ klèot MlÕ g©µ heol ®èe pl}¬ot, vèo kl«ot Mã t× qu¸e h¹, ®êe sBu
lnỈM täe hm glg gl«e µeªo, lnỈM täe hm pl©o g©µ läM, lnỈM täe hm TrÞ hu geol glÇo
v©o v©o, MlØ hm ®}¬ot glêe bg ol} glÕ ol}ot kl«ot bg v× sBn h¹e ol} glÕ oªo
kl«ot kláe Mã Mlç sỵ sƯg. NÕu hm ot}êe gl}êot bÞ De låo ®¹e pl¸p gl× MlØ Mln¸ot
v¸ot µo otđ gl«e, vèo kl«ot Mã t× ®¸ot ot¹e h¾µ, ol}ot y ®Bot gơ geol lée glÇo
vËo dơot Nlp g©µ glg ®Ĩ ®èe plã víe Hnmot Duot, bÞ omot ®ég oleªo pl¶o
kÝMl oªo h¹e µ¾M läB, sn víe ot}êe gl}êot Mßo otuy lµ tÊp µ}êe.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n otlÜ MlØ MÇo y M}êe glªµ µég hóM olÊg ®Þol sÏ ®øg l¬e µm
MlÕg, bÌo klnµ h}ot ỗe víe Hnmot Duot "KÝol bȵ bBot Mlđ : amol gr}ëot h∙n v«
hƠ víe bBot Mlđ, vèo ®¸ot grÞ gée glËg ot, ol}ot xeo bBot Mlđ ®¹e h}ỵot klnBo
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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glø". Lç H÷u C}íM vm L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n Mòot klnµ ot}êe MÇu klÈo, got MÇu klÈo
xio hÉo víe got M}êe s»ot sỈM u dÇo MđB amol gr}ëot h∙n.
Hnmot Duot láe Qu¸Ml TÜol "TÜol MB MB, ®}ỵM Ml}B?" Qu¸Ml TÜol ỗe "§}ỵM
råe, glB Mln y ®e". Hnmot Duot ỗe "aB vÞ gr}ëot h∙n, M¸M ot}¬e xeo gB glB y,
Mluo ®ã Mòot ®}ỵM, MlØ hm µäe ot}êe M¸M ot}¬e kl«ot ®}ỵM kl¹M olỉ vmn gB".
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n glÊy gÝol µ¹ot amol gr}ëot h∙n MlØ Mßo grnot kln¶ol kl¾M, vée ỗe
"aBot quy hm bBot Mlđ hËp rB gl× Mòot Mã glĨ dn bBot Mlđ bá ®e, Mlóot ®Ư gư MlØ
xeo otli sBe b¶n". Hnmot Duot glÊy Mã glĨ gln¸g ®}ỵM gBe ¸Ml bÞ kl¹M olỉ hªo
ot}êe, M¶ µõot M}êe ỗe "§}ỵM råe, ot}¬e xot ®µ lug y ®e".
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ol¶y xot d}íe ®me, ®}B gBy ®µ vmn lBe lug ®¹n grªo
ot}êe amol gr}ëot h∙n. amol gr}ëot h∙n got M}êe ot}ot bỈg, lBe µ¾g grỵo ot}ỵM
glë lõ lõ, v« Mïot µƯg µáe.
Hnmot Duot M}êe ỗe "a©y t ®óot hm gB µo otlØ ot¬e ®©y! đB, D}¬ot
KlBot ®©u?" Qu¸Ml TÜol ỗe "Cl¹y råe" Hnmot Duot ol¶y bËg hªo qu¸g g¹e sBn ®Ĩ
y Ml¹y? Cl¹y ®e ®©u?". Qu¸Ml TÜol MlØ xot lå ỗe "Y Ml¹y glin h∙n tem lä
Cõu". Hnmot Duot ol×o glin bãot bµ grªo lå glÊy ®∙ kl¸ xB, kl«ot glĨ ®e
kÞp B, v« Mïot gøM gèe, glǵ bg Qu¸Ml TÜol otlÜ gíe lBe ®êe kÕg otlÜB oªo glÊy
y bá grèo µm kl«ot M¶o grë.
Ntuyªo hm D}¬ot KlBot glÊy Hnmot Duot võB ®éot glđ víe Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n
®∙ Mlµ gl}ỵot plnot, bg u kl«ot Ml¹y otBy sÏ hËp gøM klã t ®}ỵM gÝol
µ¹ot, glõB hóM µäe ot}êe ot}ot glÇo xiµ ®¸ol olBu, rão rÐo hỴo vmn ®¸µ bBot
Mlóot Tlg Ml}ëot bBot o¨o xeo Møu. Cõu Tleªo NlËo glÊy g×ol glÕ ol} vËy
bg vM Hnmot Duot gp olµ MløM vơ bBot Mlđ ®∙ glmol ®Þol MơM, kl«ot glĨ
v∙o låe, Qu¸Ml TÜol vâ M«ot MBn M}êot, bªo C¸e bBot h¹e ot}êe ®«ot glÕ µ¹ol,
hËp gøM kl«ot ®éot glBol s¾M, sg h∙ol bBot Mlóot d¾g D}¬ot KlBot xot
gluo rêe ®¶n. §Ư gư C¸e bBot guy Mã olu ot}êe ol×o glÊy ol}ot lBe ot}êe Ge¶o
Hnmot ®Bot ®¸ol olBu kÞMl hg, kl«ot Mã Be Mlđ gr× ®¹e MM MlØ Mßo M¸Ml ®Ĩ µỈM
y ®e, kl«ot ®Õµ xØB t× gíe.
Hnmot Duot Mǵ gróM bỉot ë gBy, MBn tệot ỗe "Ho g¹e Håot bBot Mlđ
Ml}B vỊ, dn gB g¹µ glêe xư hý M«ot vM bBot Mlđ. HBe vÞ gr}ëot h∙n Ge¶o, L}¬ot
sg h∙ol ®Ư gư g¸µ góe quB ®«ot ®ão gp Håot bBot Mlđ. Lç Tr}ëot h∙n Mø ë h¹e
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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®©y d}ìot gl}¬ot". Qo M¸e bËg got lnBo l« ol} sʵ.
Hnmot Duot h¹e ỗe "amol gr}ëot h∙n g©µ glg bÊg MlÝol, M¸M ot}¬e ỗe oªo
xư grÞ y glÕ omn?". Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n klnµ h}ot ỗe "amol luyol ®Ư gée hío, vèo
pl¶e grõot pl¹g glËg ot, ol}ot xeo bBot Mlđ otlÜ h¹e o¨µ x}B y gõot hËp ®}ỵM
M«ot hío Mln bBot gB, µo Mln gée MlÕg". Hnmot Duot M}êe ỗe "TB ®∙ síµ otlÜ
ot}¬e sÏ ome Mln y, µíe råe y M}êe Mòot ®∙ ®đ råe, vËy gl× M¸Ml MløM gr}ëot h∙n
MđB y, Mln y hmµ ®Ư gư g¸µ góe gl«e". Ge¶o, Lç, amol, L}¬ot bèo gr}ëot h∙n olÊg gỊ
M¶µ g¹. Hnmot Duot ỗe "C¸M luyol ®Ư klã ®}ỵM dÞp tỈp tì, olÊg ®Þol Mã rÊg
olu Mluo µo ỗe. C¸M ot}¬e Ml«o MÊg lBe vÞ Lª Seol, D} Tru H}ot Mln gư
gÕ. TB glÊy Lç gr}ëot h∙n hm ot}êe rÊg gèg, gÊg M¶ ®¹e sù pl¶e otli y pl©o plã, lBe
gr}ëot h∙n Ge¶o L}¬ot pl¶e gËo g©µ tp ®ì. TB Mßo pl¶e ®e, Mlóot gB sÏ tỈp olBu
ë plđ L©µ Ao", råe o¾µ gBy Qu¸Ml TÜol xot e ®e hu«o.
Qo M¸e ®}B gíe Ml©o e, Mlê kle MlM gluo Mlë omot ®∙ klg l¼o sBu
híp s}¬ot µï µíe quBy hªo Qu©o S¬o, bmo b¹M kÕ s¸Ml MđB bBot.
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LóM lBe ot}êe Qu¸Ml Hnmot grë vỊ gíe hÇu Nl¹M D}¬ot, grêe ®∙ s¸ot l¼o, Mno
gu låot µ∙ vm ®«e b¹Ml ®u ®Ịu ®∙ Mlê M¹ol hÇu.
Hnmot Duot otÈot ®Çu ol×o rB xB, MlØ glÊy µég vÇot µỈg grêe ®á võB ol« hªo
Mlç sãot o}íM ho víe Ml©o grêe grªo lå §éot §×ol, µmu grêe s¾M o}íM, v« Mïot
gr¸ot hƯ, M}êe ỗe "TÜol MB MB, Pl¹µ V¨o ClÝol M«ot hmµ v¨o ỗe rÊg lBy : Nt˵ e
xB, og s«ot hío, cªol µ«ot Mo Mo, b¸g ot¸g kl«ot bê, Síµ quBot gèe rỵp,
klÝ g}ỵot µu«o otmo. C¶ol s¾M ol} glÕ l¸ kl«ot ®¸ot gl}ëot gløM sBn? Mlóot gB
hªo ot µÊy MlÐo". Qu¸Ml TÜol klio lBy, lBe ot}êe hªo hÇu ol×o gíe Mlç l«µ quB
Mïot otåe ot r}ỵu, olí h¹e ol÷ot otuy lµ grïot grïot grnot ®ªµ, bÊg te¸M ol×o
olBu M}êe µég got.
Nl¹M D}¬ot kl«ot Mã r}ỵu otno, ol}ot s¬o glđy l÷u g×ol Mòot ®đ klnBo
kln¸e. HBe ot}êe ®èe ȵ ot vme MlÐo, Hnmot Duot Mlỵg sÞ µỈg, Mã vỴ gøM to,
ỗe "TÜol MB MB, ot}¬e kl«ot gèg?". Qu¸Ml TÜol tg µ×ol vée láe "Cluo t× glÕ
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ot}¬e?".
HBe ot}êe ®Bot grBol M∙e Ml}B qug, L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n gÝol g×ol ỗot o¶y ®∙
kl«ot olÞo e, olÊM ®Bn sÊo gíe Hnmot Duot qu¸g hío "§∙ MÈu bỉot pl¸p hm glËg
lBy te¶ Mø glư hm bg. Xiµ ®Bn!" Vï vï vï Mlе hu«o bB ol¸g, lmo quBot Mlíp
hªo, bB ®Bn omy µBu hĐ µ∙ol hg, ol}ot ®Ịu gr¸ol ol÷ot Mlç u l¹e grªo ot}êe
Hnmot Duot, võB µBu võB Mlo, kl«ot glĐo hm MBn glđ grnot C¸e bBot.
Hnmot Duot te¾g §¶ MÈu bỉot vmn l«ot, lBe Ml©o kl«ot ®éot, gl©o l×ol klÏ
h¾M µég M¸e gr¸ol quB bB ®Bn, M}êe ỗe "§èe víe ot}¬e µm Mòot dïot §¶ MÈu bỉot
pl¸p sBn? Nt}¬e ®∙ ®¸ot Ml}B?", gBy gr¸e rB Mleªu, gBy pl¶e ®∙ Mlơp vmn glBol
®¬o ®Bn grnot gBy y.
L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n glmol dBol ®∙ h©u, glÊy µég Mno olB ®Çu µot Mßo l«e s÷B
omy h¹e Mne gl}êot µ×ol ol} glÕ, hưB to bèM hªo, bB ®Bn võB Mlе xnot, hËp gøM
Mlе otBot bỉ däM, heªo gp gle gro gug Mleªu.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n hóM bÊy t ®∙ kl«ot d¸µ Mne gl}êot Hnmot Duot ol} hóM
o∙y B, bg hm bªo grnot ¾g Mã Èo g×ol, MlØ sỵ L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n hç µ∙ot hmµ omot
gỉo gl}¬ot, qu¸g hío "L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n, kl«ot ®}ỵM l¹ s¸g glđ". Hnmot Duot M}êe
ỗe "§õot kl¸Ml s¸n µm", gl©o l×ol h∙ot ®∙ot, quo ®¸ol M}íM ®¸ klủu glóM
otão xØB, grnot Mlíp µ¾g ®∙ ®ỉe dïot µ}êe µÊy hn¹e vâ M«ot.
Qo M¸e d}íe ®me ®øot ol×o glÊy lnB M¶ µ¾g. Nt}êe ¨o µmy tÇy grnot M¸M ®Ư
gư g¸µ góe ®ég oleªo kªu hªo "A, ®©y hm Leªo lnB Ml}ëot?". Nt}êe ¨o µmy bÐn Mòot
kªu glin "í, vÞ gu M« o}¬ot omy Mòot bg §åot Mlïy glđ!". Tot kªu MđB y
Ml}B døg, Hnmot Duot grªo ®me ®∙ ®ỉe quo pl¸p kl¸M, M¸M MBn glđ C¸e bBot
d}íe ®me ®Ịu e olBu kªu hªo "A, ®©y hm Hço gleªo M«ot MđB bBot Mlđ", "¸e Mlm, y
glÞ dïot Tlg g¶n gln¸e pl¸p! Cleªu omy hm Tlïy glđ pl¸ ®ÞMl!".
Ntuyªo hm Håot TlÊg M«ot gÝol g×ol h}êe bot, kl«ot glÝMl olËo ®Ư gư d¹y vâ
M«ot, ®Ư gư grnot C¸e bBot hËp ®}ỵM M«ot hío y µíe gruo glơ Mln µég Mleªu vme
gløM, täe hm kluo klÝMl. Lª Seol hmµ vM l¨ot l¸e kl«ot gM gl©o Mòot MlØ ®}ỵM
gruo Mln µég Mleªu TlÇo hnot b∙e vÜ grnot Hmot hnot glËp b¸g Ml}ëot. Håot
TlÊg M«ot h¹e Mã µég gÝol g qu¸e h¹ hm sBu kle d¹y µég hé M«ot plu Mln Be gl×
kl«ot gruo Mln ot}êe kl¸M B, oªo së läM MđB luyol ®Ư grnot C¸e bBot ®Ịu
kl¸M olBu, MlØ Mã Hnmot Duot klÐn hÐn kl«o otnBo, glđ ®n¹o u o}íot h¹e MBn,
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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®}ỵM y }B glÝMl, h¹e hÊy gløM ¨o otno rmot bM oªo µíe läM ®}ỵM µÊy µ}¬e µ«o
vâ M«ot MđB y ë grÊo Tl}¬ot cu grªo Tr}êot GeBot, MlØ Mã ®u omot lBµ Ml¬e
Mlot olu, hé vâ M«ot omn Mòot MlØ läM vme Mleªu. Håot TlÊg M«ot h¹e h}êe MlØ
dÉo MỈo kÏ, glÊy Hnmot Duot läM µég bg µ}êe, MlØ MÇo hmµ ®óot glin quo
l×ol gl× Mòot kl«ot ®Õµ xØB t× gíe B, hóM Êy omot Mã ý hßi qo M¸e, ®iµ gÊg M¶
b¶o hÜol µm Håot TlÊg M«ot ®ÝMl gl©o gruo glơ gle gro, grnot qo M¸e Mã ot}êe
®∙ läM quB, ®Ịu kl«ot k×µ ®}ỵM täe hu«o rB µot.
L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n ®Bn pl¸p geol du, u dùB vmn M«ot plu Ml©o glùM gl×
qu¶ glËg Mßo l¬o Hnmot Duot, MlØ hm omot heªo gp ®ỉe dïot Mleªu sè qu¸e dÞ,
heªo µeªo kl«ot lÕg, olÊg glêe lnB µ¾g v¸ot ®Çu, kl«ot d¸µ rB Mleªu, MlØ µóB ®¬o
®Bn gíe µøM l¾g o}íM vmn Mòot kl«ot häg, Mli kÝo µ«o lé.
Trnot ®Bn quBot quo ¶ol Hnmot Duot Mlỵg glu Ml}ëot vỊ Ml¾p gr}íM
otùM, M}êe ỗe "Nt}¬e olËo gluB Ml}B?" L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n Ml}B gro klBe së gr}êot,
l¸ MlÞu olËo gluB? Ntäo ®¬o ®Bn gõ bơot hËg h¹e Mlªol MlÕMl Mlе xot. Hnmot
Duot kl«ot kl«ot gr¸ol, ®Ĩ µỈM y µég ®Bn Êy Mlе xot, MlØ otli qo M¸e
Mïot bËg got hB ln¶ot. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n vm Lç H÷u C}íM qu¸g hío "Dõot gBy?".
L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n Mòot ®∙ bg kl«ot lBy, vée olÊM ®Bn vuot hªo, ol}ot ®∙ glu h¹e
kl«ot kÞp, võB ®óot Mlе gróot gBy gr¸e Hnmot Duot, kªu glǵ "Kl«ot xnot?".
Nl¸g ®Bn Êy guy tB ®}êot ®∙ glu k×ol, Mlе xot kl«ot ot, ol}ot olÊg ®Þol
Mòot klo Hnmot Duot pl¶e bÞ gl}¬ot, ®Bot v« Mïot lèe lËo, ®ég oleªo Mỉ gBy
gr¸e gª rÇo, kiot µég got, otäo ®¬o ®Bn ®∙ r¬e xot ®Êg. Y ®êe omn bg ®}ỵM
Hnmot Duot µỈM gʵ Nluo vÞ te¸p, ®Bn gl}¬ot kl«ot glĨ x©µ pl¹µ, ®óot vmn
hóM y Mlе xot kl«ot glu ®Bn ®}ỵM, võB ln¶ot sỵ võB lèe lËo gl× lug Hée
g«ot sBu Mỉ gBy bB gÊM ®∙ bÞ Hnmot Duot dïot glđ pl¸p LBo lnB plÊg lug glđ
teB gruo plÊg gróot.
Hnmot Duot s¶e Ml©o ®¹p hªo otäo ®¬o ®Bn, otleªot ®Çu M}êe ỗe "TlÕ
omn?" L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n vèo Mln r»ot µég ®Bn omy olÊg ®Þol ®∙ Mlе ®èe pl}¬ot
bÞ gl}¬ot, omn otê omot kl«ot lỊ lÊo t×, ln¶ot sỵ otÈo ot}êe kl«ot d¸µ hªo
got, vée ol¶y rB. D}¬ot KlBot ỗe "Y glÞ hm Mno t¸e Hnmot D}ỵM S} grªo ot}êe
µỈM Nluo vÞ te¸p, ®Bn gl}¬ot kl«ot x©µ pl¹µ ®}ỵM, Mòot Ml¼ot Mã t× hm h¹".
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n Móe ®Çu otɵ otlÜ. Hnmot Duot M}êe ỗe "TlÕ omn, ot}¬e geo
kl«ot?" Lç H÷u C}íM heªo gp ®}B µ¾g rB lu, Mã ý b¶n omot gl¾ot råe gl× gl«e.
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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Y glÊy Hnmot Duot vâ M«ot guy réot ol}ot M«ot hùM Mßo kе xB L}¬ot gr}ëot
h∙n, u kl«ot xg kú MlÕ gl¾ot gl× olu h¾µ Mòot MlØ Mã glĨ teBn ®Êu otBot
gBy, vâ M«ot MđB Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n h¹e MBn l¬o M¶ L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n, Hnmot Duot
qug kl«ot pl¶e hm ®ÞMl glđ MđB y, ol}ot glÊy omot M}êe lỊ lỊ kl«ot ®Õµ xØB t×
gíe ¸ol µ¾g MđB µ×ol h¹e Mmot hn h¾ot, ®Bot ®Þol hªo got ol}ot lBe gBy bÞ Cõu
Tleªo NlËo bãp o¸g, olÞo sg B otmy, hóM Êy Mmot hóM Mmot ®Bu, gnmo gl©o gn¸g
µå l«e, hmµ sBn Mßo ỗe hªo hêe?
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n gõ gõ otÈot ®Çu hªo ỗe "C« o}¬ot, gB gíe h∙ol te¸n, h∙ol
te¸n!". Qu¸Ml TÜol ®øot M¹ol glÊy y glÇo ®Þol klÝ olmo, gBy háot Ml©o Ml˵, ®∙
bg Hnmot Duot kl«ot Mlèot e y, qug ý olËo vM omy vỊ µ×ol, olỈg sỵe d©y
dB gr©u hªo, b}íM gíe µég b}íM, dïot søM vuot µ¹ol, MlM d©y dB bBy rB d}íe
®Êg Mo otäo glg gr}ỵot MđB Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n bÞ Cõu Tleªo NlËo µ M¾µ vmn
®¸ e, qu¸g µég got "Lªo!". Ntäo glg gr}ỵot bÞ sỵe d©y tg h¹e bBy väg grë rB.
Ntäo glg gr}ỵot gõ grªo kl«ot bBy µBu gíe Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n, glÕ ol} sʵ
sÐg kl«ot sBn ®ì ®}ỵM, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n bg u ®}B gBy rB Mlơp, x}¬ot gBy sÏ
hËp gøM t∙y ®«e, vée vmot ol¶y quB gr¸ol, MlØ sỵ qo M¸e d}íe ®me bÞ gl}¬ot, kªu
hío "D}íe ®me µBu gr¸ol rB!"
ClØ glÊy Hnmot Duot ®}B otäo gróM bỉot rB, ®Çu bỉot dÝol vmn tB glg
gr}ỵot olÌ olĐ ®Ì xot. Trnot vâ läM Mã M©u "ằo h}ỵot ®ì otmo M©o", µég M¸e
®Ì Êy guy olĐ ol}ot MlÝol hm Mleªu sè geol du ¸p gleªo MÈu bèe grnot §¶ MÈu
bỉot pl¸p, hùM ®¹n võB klíp ®óot Mlç, ®Ì otäo glg gr}ỵot h¹e grªo ®me, M}êe
ỗe "Nt}¬e dïot glg gr}ỵot, gB dïot gróM bỉot, Mlóot gB quB Mleªu Mln vue".
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n keol otle kl«ot gl«e, ®∙ qug ý kl«ot gl¾ot hm lmot, klnµ
h}ot olỈg gr}ỵot, ®Çu gr}ỵot MlóM xot, ®u«e gr}ỵot l}íot hªo, klnµ h}ot ỗe
"Xeo M« o}¬ot bỉot l¹ h}u g×ol". §Çu gr}ỵot MlóM xot hm hƠ sè MùM kú Muot kÝol
MđB ot}êe vâ h©µ kle quB Mleªu víe bËM g«o gr}ëot, ý gø hm ỗe kl«ot d¸µ ®èe ®ÞMl
otBot lmot, quB Mleªu MlØ hm xeo d¹y b¶n vâ otlƯ Mln.
Hnmot Duot ®}B gróM bỉot rB, µég Mleªu a¸g MÈu gru gleªo dÝol hu«o vmn
®Çu gr}ỵot klỊu µég M¸e lÊg hªo, M}êe ỗe "Kl«ot MÇo ®B hƠ, MlØ sỵ b¶o hÜol MđB gB
kl«ot b»ot ot}¬e ®©u". Ntäo glg gr}ỵot omy hm beol klÝ Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ®∙ sư
dơot µÊy µ}¬e o¨µ, bÞ omot klỊu olĐ µég M¸e h¹e t kl«ot v÷ot, ®Çu gr}ỵot lÊg
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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hªo ®Ëp gl¼ot vmn gr¸o, y vée ruot Mỉ gBy t MlỈg, Mmot otʵ otǵ ln¶ot sỵ, hóM
Êy glin ®óot quy Mđ MđB kỴ v∙o bèe ol}êot bB Mleªu råe rB µég Mleªu TÇo v}¬ot
geªo gl¹Ml Mli ®ì sBu h}ot vm vBe, hóM pl¶o kÝMl sư dơot Plnot µB gr}ỵot pl¸p
MđB l¶n l¸o Lç TrÝ Tl©µ ë L}¬ot S¬o a¹M gruo h¹e.
Hnmot Duot glÊy ®ßo pl¶o kÝMl MđB y nBe µ∙ol dÞ gl}êot, MlØ MÇo bÞ ®Çu
gr}ỵot MđB y qg gróot gl× dï Mã Nluo vÞ te¸p lé gl©o Mòot klã gr¸ol kláe bÞ
e gl}¬ot, kl«ot d¸µ Mne gl}êot, ho gro klBe §¶ MÈu bỉot pl¸p s} plơ d¹y
Mln, p ot}êe sÊo gl¼ot vmn bãot gr}ỵot. Ntäo glg g}ëot ot l¬o bB µ}¬e
M©o, otäo gróM bỉot MlØ l¬o µ}êe h¹ot, ol}ot bỉot pl¸p µm bBot Mlđ C¸e bBot
olu ®êe gruo h¹e qu¶ glËg geol ve ¶n du, guy lBe glø beol klÝ ot olĐ kl¸M
l¼o olBu, hío olá kl«ot b»ot olBu, ol}ot quB vme Mleªu gl× otäo glg gr}ỵot gn
ol} M¸ol gBy grỴ Mno h¹e bÞ µég otäo gróM bỉot olá Ðp gíe µøM kl«ot gle gro
®}ỵM B.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n hóM ®Çu MlØ sỵ hì gBy ®¸ol t∙y otäo gróM bỉot q b¸u
olu ®êe MđB b¶o bBot, rB ®ßo rÊg Mã Mlõot µùM, glg gr}ỵot võB Ml¹µ Ml}B dÝol
vmn gróM bỉot ®∙ hËp gøM glu vỊ. Nmn otê bỉot pl¸p MđB Hnmot Duot hỵe l¹e v«
Mïot, lnỈM ®µ vmn lug ®¹n, lnỈM ®©µ Mlç u l¹e, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n bÞ bøM
pl¶e glu gr}ỵot ®ì t¹g, sBu l¬o µ}êe lỵp, bèo pl}¬ot g¸µ l}íot ®Ịu hm bãot
bỉot, dèM søM ®ão ®ì vÉo kl«ot kÞp, hmµ sBn Mßo r¶ol gBy µm t Mln kl«ot vB
Ml¹µ vmn gróM bỉot?
Qu¸Ml TÜol v« Mïot gl¸o plơM "Vâ M«ot MđB ©o s} qu¶ glËg kl«ot glĨ h}êot
®}ỵM", h¹e otlÜ "a©y t kl«ot bg h∙n ol©o teB ot}êe ®Bot ë ®©u? VÕg gl}¬ot
kl«ot bg ®∙ kl¸ Ml}B?". Clỵg glÊy bỉot pl¸p MđB Hnmot Duot ®ég oleªo glBy
®ỉe, bB otão gBy o¾µ vmn tB bỉot µóB glmol µég vßot grßo ol} ®ïB to.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n sưot sèg, otäo glg gr}ỵot ruot hªo ®µ µBu vmn vBe gr¸e
®èe pl}¬ot. Hnmot Duot hËg µBu gróM bỉot h¹e, ®Ì hªo Mlç M¸Ml µòe gr}ỵot l¬o
µég gl}íM, glo gBy gr}ỵg µég M¸e, Mleªu omy Mã gíe MlÝo µ}¬e MlÝo plÇo µ}ỵo k×ol
hùM MđB ®èe pl}¬ot. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n MlØ M¶µ glÊy glg gr}ỵot ol} µo bBy rB
kláe gBy, vée vËo k×ol róg h¹e, omn otê otäo glg gr}ỵot ®∙ bÞ gróM bỉot dÝol Møot
vmn, glg gr}ỵot glu vỊ gróM bỉot Mòot ®©µ gíe. Y grnot hßot M¶ sỵ, heªo gp
glBy ®ỉe dïot b¶y g¸µ gr}ỵot pl¸p ol}ot glđy Mluot vÉo kl«ot gln¸g kláe bÞ
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otäo gróM bỉot ®Ì hªo.
§¶ MÈu bỉot pl¸p Mã gÊg M¶ g¸µ klÈu qug hm bM, ®Ëp, grãe, ®©µ, klỊu,
dÉo, klãB, xnBy, hóM Êy Hnmot Duot dïot klÈu qug Ml÷ grãe, gróM bỉot ol} µég
sỵe d©y µ©y Møot dỴn bM vmn µég tèM M©y hío råe, Mln dï tèM M©y Mã gn tÊp
µ}êe hÇo gl× bÊg kĨ otleªot h¾M glÕ omn Mòot ®õot lßot gln¸g ®}ỵM.
L¹e ®¸ol glªµ vme Mleªu, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n vËo søM rB lBe gBy sư dơot §¹e hùM
Keµ M}¬ot gr}ỵot pl¸p, glg gr}ỵot rÝg tễ vï vï, ol}ot y vuot quB ®«ot gl× gróM
bỉot glin quB ®«ot, y vuot quB g©y gl× gróM bỉot glin quB g©y. Hnmot Duot
kl«ot lỊ dïot hùM, bỉot glin gr}ỵot ®e, xiµ rB gùB lå gnmo dn Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n
s¾p xÕp, ol}ot glËg rB ol} bãot glin l×ol, µ}ỵo hùM MlÕ ®ÞMl, Mòot ol} o¨µ x}B
Qu¸Ml TÜol glo plơM Mno gu låot µ∙, Mln ỗ µỈM søM ple µBu, glđy Mluot vÉo
otåe v÷ot vmot grªo h}ot otùB.
§¹e hùM Keµ M}¬ot gr}ỵot pl¸p sư dơot ®}ỵM µég B, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ®∙
Mmot kl«ot Mßo Mlóg omn otle otê, ®Bot ®Þol bu«ot gr}ỵot olËo gluB, amol
gr}ëot h∙n ®ég oleªo kªu hªo "Dïot Cǵ o∙ glđ Mlơp ®Çu bỉot MđB y glÞ".
Hnmot Duot ỗe "§}ỵM, ot}¬e gíe µm Mlơp!", bỉot pl¸p h¹e bo ®ỉe, dïot
klÈu qug Ml÷ xnBy. KlÈu qug Ml÷ grãe hm glin ®èe pl}¬ot quB ®«ot quB g©y,
Mßo klÈu qug Ml÷ xnBy hm klo ®èe pl}¬ot pl¶e glin µ×ol, MlØ glÊy gróM bỉot
lãB glmol µég vßot ¸ol s¸ot xBol bM, ®µ µBu gíe M¸M ®¹e lug C}êot teBo,
Plnot plđ, §¹e Ml, Leol ®me, Huo klu grªo h}ot Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n. Nl÷ot lug
®¹n omy ®Ịu ë tB h}ot, MlØ MÇo bÞ ®Çu bỉot ®µ gróot gl× kl«ot MlÕg ¾g bÞ
gl}¬ot. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n bg otuy lµ ol}ot ®∙ kl«ot kÞp róg gr}ỵot vỊ ®ì,
®mol ol¶y µBu vỊ plÝB gr}íM ®Ĩ gr¸ol. Hnmot Duot ®µ ®¸ol heªo µeªo bÊg
gug, ®µ µég lug kl«ot gróot h¹e ®µ lug kl¸M, ®Çu bỉot Mø Mlíp Mlíp
grªo M¸M lug ®¹n sBu h}ot y.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n kl«ot Mßo M¸Ml omn ®mol ol¶y µBu vỊ plÝB gr}íM, ol}ot
gr¸ol ®}ỵM bỉot gr}íM gl× bỉot sBu h¹e gíe. Y teB g¨ot k×ol hùM d}íe Ml©o, µo g×µ
M¬ lée quBy h¹e, ol}ot y ol¶y Mmot µBu otäo gróM bỉot ®µ gíe Mòot Mmot µBu.
Qo M¸e d}íe ®me glÊy y ol¶y olãg quBol Hnmot Duot, xnBy glmol µég vßot grßo
hío. Hnmot Duot ®øot tB, otäo gróM bỉot kl«ot rêe kláe lËu g©µ MđB y, gróM
bỉot gõ gBy gr¸e Mluo quB gBy pl¶e råe gõ gBy pl¶e Mluo quB gBy gr¸e Mlø gl©o
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l×ol kl«ot MÇo Mluo ®éot, gr«ot rÊg uot duot olmo ol∙. Vßot grßo MđB Ge¶o
gr}ëot h∙n Mmot hóM Mmot réot, Ðp Lç H÷u C}íM vm lBe gr}ëot h∙n amol L}¬ot pl¶e
hue xot gr¸ol.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n h¹e Ml¹y b¶y g¸µ vßot, MBn tệot kªu hªo "Hnmot M« o}¬ot
glđ l¹ duot g×ol, gB plơM ot}¬e råe!", µot kªu hío ol}ot Ml©o kl«ot lỊ d¸µ
dõot b}íM.
Hnmot Duot M}êe ỗe "Nt}¬e täe gB b»ot t×?".
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n vée ỗe "Pl¶e, pl¶e? Tu ol©o ®¸ot MlÕg, gu ol©o glBµ ko
bBot Mlđ", ®Þol quBy ot}êe h¹e hmµ hƠ ol}ot glÊy otäo gróM bỉot vÉo kl«ot otõot
®µ gíe, ®mol heªo gp ol¶y gr¸ol, Me Mïot µå l«e gn¸g rB ®Çy h}ot, µí r©u b¹M
®∙ }íg lÕg. Hnmot Duot ®∙ l¶ to, Mòot kl«ot qu¸ ®¸ot, g}¬e M}êe glu gróM bỉot
h¹e, dïot klÈu qug Ml÷ klỊu gr}ỵg hªo grªo otäo glg gr}ỵot Mluo hùM ®¹n
ol¹y olBol MđB Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n hªo ®ã, otäo glg gr}ỵot hËp gøM bBy guot hªo
grêe.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ol} ®}ỵM ®¹e x¸, hËp gøM bu«ot gBy quBy ot}êe klnµ h}ot v¸e
dme. Qo M¸e d}íe ®me glÊy glÇo kü §¶ MÈu bỉot pl¸p MđB omot Mmot kl«ot otle
otê t× B, ®åot glBol ỗe hío "TlBµ ko bBot Mlđ?", råe b}íM hªo hmµ hƠ.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n b}íM gíe µég b}íM, ®Bot ®Þol kl¹M µég otơµ o}íM bäg vmn
µỈg Hnmot Duot, Mlỵg glÊy klu«o µỈg gr¾ot µg ol} b¹Ml otäM MđB omot hãot
h¸ol gùB sBo l«, ®Đp ol} lnB xu©o, g}¬e ol} r¸ot síµ, otơµ o}íM bäg hmµ sBn olỉ
rB ®}ỵM? §Bot hóM otÇo otõ, ùM µég got og otơµ o}íM bäg grë xot, Mlỵg
otli grªo ®Çu Mã got tễ, otäo glg gr}ỵot ®∙ r¬e xot. Y sỵ Hnmot Duot
otle otê, kl«ot d¸µ ®}B gBy rB ®ão, guot ot}êe ol¶y gr¸ol.
ẫot ot}êe Mlíp hªo, µég ot}êe ®∙ hªo gíe ®me Mlơp otäo glg gr}ỵot, MlÝol
hm amol gr}ëot h∙n ®øot glø bB grnot bèo gr}ëot h∙n. Hnmot Duot bÞ y dïot
Nlp g©µ pl¸p b¾g sèot, M¨µ lËo y olÊg, glÊy ot}êe omy b}íM hªo, MlÝol lỵp ý
µ×ol, Mòot kl«ot ỗe olu, olÊM gróM bỉot hªo ®µ vmn lug Tư Muot gr}íM
otùM y, µo dïot klÈu qug Ml÷ xnBy heªo gp ®µ vmn ®¹e lug gr}íM otùM
y, Ðp y kl«ot otõot hïe h¹e, sn víe Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n µíe råe gl× Mßo gmo ®éM l¬o.
amol gr}ëot h∙n teBo ln¹g v« Mïot, bg vâ M«ot MđB µ×ol kl«ot b»ot Ge¶o
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gr}ëot h∙n, y Mßo kl«ot Mlèot e gl× µ×ol Mmot kl«ot MÇo pl¶e glư B, glÊy gróM
bỉot MđB Hnmot Duot ®µ gíe, kl«ot kl«ot gr¸ol, Ml¾p lBe gBy hmµ hƠ.
Hnmot Duot ®µ otäo gróM bỉot hªo lug Tư Muot MđB y, Mßo t k×ol Ml}B
pl¸g, gøM to láe "Nt}¬e µo t×?" amol gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "Tu ol©o glBµ ko bBot
Mlđ" Hnmot Duot gøM to grỵo µ¾g ol×o y µég M¸e, ¸ol µ¾g lBe ot}êe Ml¹µ olBu,
kl«ot k×µ ®}ỵM grnot hßot l¬e róot ®éot, vée quBy ®Çu ®e, ol}ot ỗe rB Mòot kú
qu¸e, bg râ hm ol×o vmn µ¾g y ¾g sÏ bÞ l¹e ol}ot h¹e kl«ot glĨ gù Mlđ, Mø µo
ol×o h¹e µég hÇo. VõB quBy ®e, Mlỵg glÊy ¸ol geol quBot grnot lBe µ¾g y rùM hªo
plãot rB hmµ låo pl¸Ml ot}êe gB róot ®éot, hÇo omy ®∙ kl«ot kÞp quBy ®e, hËp gøM
ol¾µ µ¾g h¹e. amol gr}ëot h∙n M}êe klÏ ỗe "aBot Mlđ, ot}êe µƯg råe, oªo otlØ ot¬e
®e", glBol ©µ olu lßB ªµ ¸e dƠ otli. Hnmot Duot qu¶ oleªo M¶µ glÊy gnmo gl©o
µƯg µáe, otlÜ glǵ µ×ol vÊg v¶ sg ®ªµ, Mòot ®óot hm oªo otlØ ot¬e, võB otlÜ ol}
glÕ hËp gøM glÊy µ¾g µáe µot ®¾ot, geol glÇo b¶e ln¶e.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n hóM Êy ®∙ g«o Hnmot Duot hmµ bBot Mlđ, gù oleªo pl¶e lÕg
hßot lÕg søM b¶n vƯ omot, bg amol gr}ëot h∙n h¹e µo dïot Nlp g©µ pl¸p,
sÊo hªo qu¸g "amol gr}ëot h∙n, ot}¬e d¸µ ®èe xư víe bBot Mlđ ol} glÕ m?". amol
gr}ëot h∙n M}êe klÏ, l¹ tệot ỗe "aBot Mlđ µo otlØ ot¬e, M« gB ®∙ µƯg glËg råe,
ot}¬e ®õot hmµ keol ®éot".
Hnmot Duot grnot hßot bg otuy lµ, ol}ot gnmo gl©o olòo rB, lBe µ¾g dÝp
h¹e µo otđ, Mln dï grêe Mã sËp xot Mòot pl¶e otđ µég tM sÏ ỗe Mluo,
®óot hóM glÇo grÝ B µª B gØol Êy Mlỵg µo ỗe víe Qu¸Ml TÜol µég M©u, hËp
gøM ol} gØol µéot, kªu hªo "TÜol MB MB, ot}¬e ỗe grnot Ml©o keol Mã De låo ®¹e
pl¸p t× ®ã pl¶e kl«ot?"
Qu¸Ml TÜol ®∙ síµ glÊy kl«ot lBy, otlÜ u amol gr}êot h∙n h¹e dïot gm
pl¸p sÏ hËp gøM sÊo hªo µég Ml}ëot ®Ëp MlÕg y otBy, otli Hnmot Duot ỗe glÕ
vée ol¶y hªo ®me, tlÐ vmn gBe omot ®äM h¹e µég h}ỵg ®n¹o Êy grnot keol v¨o.
Hnmot Duot otli Qu¸Ml TÜol ®äM keol v¨o, b¶n omot glin ®óot pl¸p µ«o,
gõ Nlp g©µ MlØ gíe TlĨ Ml©o MlØ, omot e M«ot vèo Mã M¨o b¶o, h¹e rÊg gl«ot
µeol, võB otli ®∙ lu otBy, hËp gøM ol¾µ µ¾g µỈM oµ, l¬e glë vm geol glÇo qu¸o
gl«ot víe olBu, kl«ot bBn h©u ®∙ grë h¹e M¶ol te yªo ỉo hỈot hÏ, µë gn µ¾g rB,
geol glÇo ol} Mã ý, ol} v« ý, ®∙ ®¹g gíe M¶ol te vnot ot∙.
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amol gr}ëot h∙n glÊy omot ol¾µ µ¾g låe h©u, MlØ Mln r»ot omot ®∙ bÞ hêe ỗe
MđB µ×ol dÉo dơ ®∙ otđ sBy råe, ®Bot µõot glǵ, h¹e ®Þol dïot qủ kÕ, ®ég oleªo
glÊy omot µë gn lBe µ¾g ol×o µ×ol µØµ M}êe Mòot µØµ M}êe h¹e µég M¸e, ol}ot glÊy
omot M}êe Mã vỴ rÊg gln¶e µ¸e, kl«ot bg v× sBn MlØ glÊy gnmo gl©o h©ot h©ot gln¶e
µ¸e h¹ gl}êot, kl«ot gù Mlđ ®}ỵM bËg got l« l« M}êe ré.
Hnmot Duot otlÜ M«ot plu tle MlÐp grnot Cưu ©µ Ml©o keol qu¶ oleªo v«
Mïot hỵe l¹e, MlØ grnot µég M}êe ®∙ gl¾ot ®}ỵM ®èe pl}¬ot, hóM Êy Mòot klBol
kl¸Ml M}êe ol¹g. amol gr}ëot h∙n bg kl«ot lBy, vée vmot grÊo olp g©µ glÇo,
omn otê hóM keol lnmot hot Mot Êy g©µ glÇo h¹e Mmot klã ỉo ®Þol, glÊy Hnmot
Duot M}êe lÝp M¶ lBe µ¾g, hmµ sBn Mßo Mã glĨ gù k×µ MlÕ ®}ỵM, ®øot gl¼ot ot}êe
hªo «µ bơot M}êe rò rB. ClØ otli y lB lB le le èe MlB ¸e Mlm, võB kªu võB M}êe,
Mmot M}êe Mmot hío, got M}êe gruo rB xB xB grªo µỈg lå.
Qo M¸e otí µỈg ol×o olBu kl«ot bg y M}êe t× Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n heªo gp
kªu hªo "amol gr}ëot h∙n ot}¬e hmµ t× glÕ? SBn d¸µ bÊg kÝol víe bBot Mlđ ol}
glÕ?". amol gr}ëot h∙n MlØ vmn µòe y, M}êe tËp M¶ ot}êe. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n Mßo Mln
r»ot grªo µòe µ×ol Mã t× h¹, ®}B gBy ¸n dïot søM Mlïe µÊy Mme amol gr}ëot h∙n h¹e
Mmot M}êe d÷ l¬o, héo olmn µég M¸e, hËg hu«o xot ®me, o¾µ d}íe ®Êg h¨o héo M}êe
ré.
Qo M¸e hóM Êy µíe bg hm kl«ot lBy. HBe gªo ®Ư gư gl©o gÝo MđB amol
gr}ëot h∙n b}íM hªo ®ì bÞ y vuot gBy x« rB, M}êe hío kl«ot otíg, kl«ot ®Çy glêe
teBo ot M¹o MlÐo grm ®∙ M}êe gíe µøM kl«ot Mßo l¬e B, µỈg µòe ®á bǵ. Nªo
bg Nlp g©µ glg lnỈM Nlp låo ®¹e pl¸p hm dïot hùM h}ỵot geol glÇo µ¹ol µÏ
Mluyªo olÊg ®Ĩ klèot MlÕ g©µ heol ®èe pl}¬ot, vèo kl«ot Mã t× qu¸e h¹, ®êe sBu
lnỈM täe hm glg gl«e µeªo, lnỈM täe hm pl©o g©µ läM, lnỈM täe hm TrÞ hu geol glÇo
v©o v©o, MlØ hm ®}¬ot glêe bg ol} glÕ ol}ot kl«ot bg v× sBn h¹e ol} glÕ oªo
kl«ot kláe Mã Mlç sỵ sƯg. NÕu hm ot}êe gl}êot bÞ De låo ®¹e pl¸p gl× MlØ Mln¸ot
v¸ot µo otđ gl«e, vèo kl«ot Mã t× ®¸ot ot¹e h¾µ, ol}ot y ®Bot gơ geol lée glÇo
vËo dơot Nlp g©µ glg ®Ĩ ®èe plã víe Hnmot Duot, bÞ omot ®ég oleªo pl¶o
kÝMl oªo h¹e µ¾M läB, sn víe ot}êe gl}êot Mßo otuy lµ tÊp µ}êe.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n otlÜ MlØ MÇo y M}êe glªµ µég hóM olÊg ®Þol sÏ ®øg l¬e µm
MlÕg, bÌo klnµ h}ot ỗe víe Hnmot Duot "KÝol bȵ bBot Mlđ : amol gr}ëot h∙n v«
hƠ víe bBot Mlđ, vèo ®¸ot grÞ gée glËg ot, ol}ot xeo bBot Mlđ ®¹e h}ỵot klnBo
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
Typid Bod Cnovirgid gn PDF by aQ & aa§ lggp://www.veigkeiµ.Mnµ
931
glø". Lç H÷u C}íM vm L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n Mòot klnµ ot}êe MÇu klÈo, got MÇu klÈo
xio hÉo víe got M}êe s»ot sỈM u dÇo MđB amol gr}ëot h∙n.
Hnmot Duot láe Qu¸Ml TÜol "TÜol MB MB, ®}ỵM Ml}B?" Qu¸Ml TÜol ỗe "§}ỵM
råe, glB Mln y ®e". Hnmot Duot ỗe "aB vÞ gr}ëot h∙n, M¸M ot}¬e xeo gB glB y,
Mluo ®ã Mòot ®}ỵM, MlØ hm µäe ot}êe M¸M ot}¬e kl«ot ®}ỵM kl¹M olỉ vmn gB".
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n glÊy gÝol µ¹ot amol gr}ëot h∙n MlØ Mßo grnot kln¶ol kl¾M, vée ỗe
"aBot quy hm bBot Mlđ hËp rB gl× Mòot Mã glĨ dn bBot Mlđ bá ®e, Mlóot ®Ư gư MlØ
xeo otli sBe b¶n". Hnmot Duot glÊy Mã glĨ gln¸g ®}ỵM gBe ¸Ml bÞ kl¹M olỉ hªo
ot}êe, M¶ µõot M}êe ỗe "§}ỵM råe, ot}¬e xot ®µ lug y ®e".
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ol¶y xot d}íe ®me, ®}B gBy ®µ vmn lBe lug ®¹n grªo
ot}êe amol gr}ëot h∙n. amol gr}ëot h∙n got M}êe ot}ot bỈg, lBe µ¾g grỵo ot}ỵM
glë lõ lõ, v« Mïot µƯg µáe.
Hnmot Duot M}êe ỗe "a©y t ®óot hm gB µo otlØ ot¬e ®©y! đB, D}¬ot
KlBot ®©u?" Qu¸Ml TÜol ỗe "Cl¹y råe" Hnmot Duot ol¶y bËg hªo qu¸g g¹e sBn ®Ĩ
y Ml¹y? Cl¹y ®e ®©u?". Qu¸Ml TÜol MlØ xot lå ỗe "Y Ml¹y glin h∙n tem lä
Cõu". Hnmot Duot ol×o glin bãot bµ grªo lå glÊy ®∙ kl¸ xB, kl«ot glĨ ®e
kÞp B, v« Mïot gøM gèe, glǵ bg Qu¸Ml TÜol otlÜ gíe lBe ®êe kÕg otlÜB oªo glÊy
y bá grèo µm kl«ot M¶o grë.
Ntuyªo hm D}¬ot KlBot glÊy Hnmot Duot võB ®éot glđ víe Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n
®∙ Mlµ gl}ỵot plnot, bg u kl«ot Ml¹y otBy sÏ hËp gøM klã t ®}ỵM gÝol
µ¹ot, glõB hóM µäe ot}êe ot}ot glÇo xiµ ®¸ol olBu, rão rÐo hỴo vmn ®¸µ bBot
Mlóot Tlg Ml}ëot bBot o¨o xeo Møu. Cõu Tleªo NlËo glÊy g×ol glÕ ol} vËy
bg vM Hnmot Duot gp olµ MløM vơ bBot Mlđ ®∙ glmol ®Þol MơM, kl«ot glĨ
v∙o låe, Qu¸Ml TÜol vâ M«ot MBn M}êot, bªo C¸e bBot h¹e ot}êe ®«ot glÕ µ¹ol,
hËp gøM kl«ot ®éot glBol s¾M, sg h∙ol bBot Mlóot d¾g D}¬ot KlBot xot
gluo rêe ®¶n. §Ư gư C¸e bBot guy Mã olu ot}êe ol×o glÊy ol}ot lBe ot}êe Ge¶o
Hnmot ®Bot ®¸ol olBu kÞMl hg, kl«ot Mã Be Mlđ gr× ®¹e MM MlØ Mßo M¸Ml ®Ĩ µỈM
y ®e, kl«ot ®Õµ xØB t× gíe.
Hnmot Duot Mǵ gróM bỉot ë gBy, MBn tệot ỗe "Ho g¹e Håot bBot Mlđ
Ml}B vỊ, dn gB g¹µ glêe xư hý M«ot vM bBot Mlđ. HBe vÞ gr}ëot h∙n Ge¶o, L}¬ot
sg h∙ol ®Ư gư g¸µ góe quB ®«ot ®ão gp Håot bBot Mlđ. Lç Tr}ëot h∙n Mø ë h¹e
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
Typid Bod Cnovirgid gn PDF by aQ & aa§ lggp://www.veigkeiµ.Mnµ
932
®©y d}ìot gl}¬ot". Qo M¸e bËg got lnBo l« ol} sʵ.
Hnmot Duot h¹e ỗe "amol gr}ëot h∙n g©µ glg bÊg MlÝol, M¸M ot}¬e ỗe oªo
xư grÞ y glÕ omn?". Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n klnµ h}ot ỗe "amol luyol ®Ư gée hío, vèo
pl¶e grõot pl¹g glËg ot, ol}ot xeo bBot Mlđ otlÜ h¹e o¨µ x}B y gõot hËp ®}ỵM
M«ot hío Mln bBot gB, µo Mln gée MlÕg". Hnmot Duot M}êe ỗe "TB ®∙ síµ otlÜ
ot}¬e sÏ ome Mln y, µíe råe y M}êe Mòot ®∙ ®đ råe, vËy gl× M¸Ml MløM gr}ëot h∙n
MđB y, Mln y hmµ ®Ư gư g¸µ góe gl«e". Ge¶o, Lç, amol, L}¬ot bèo gr}ëot h∙n olÊg gỊ
M¶µ g¹. Hnmot Duot ỗe "C¸M luyol ®Ư klã ®}ỵM dÞp tỈp tì, olÊg ®Þol Mã rÊg
olu Mluo µo ỗe. C¸M ot}¬e Ml«o MÊg lBe vÞ Lª Seol, D} Tru H}ot Mln gư
gÕ. TB glÊy Lç gr}ëot h∙n hm ot}êe rÊg gèg, gÊg M¶ ®¹e sù pl¶e otli y pl©o plã, lBe
gr}ëot h∙n Ge¶o L}¬ot pl¶e gËo g©µ tp ®ì. TB Mßo pl¶e ®e, Mlóot gB sÏ tỈp olBu
ë plđ L©µ Ao", råe o¾µ gBy Qu¸Ml TÜol xot e ®e hu«o.
Qo M¸e ®}B gíe Ml©o e, Mlê kle MlM gluo Mlë omot ®∙ klg l¼o sBu
híp s}¬ot µï µíe quBy hªo Qu©o S¬o, bmo b¹M kÕ s¸Ml MđB bBot.
*
*
*
*
*
*
veigkeiµ.Mnµ
***
LóM lBe ot}êe Qu¸Ml Hnmot grë vỊ gíe hÇu Nl¹M D}¬ot, grêe ®∙ s¸ot l¼o, Mno
gu låot µ∙ vm ®«e b¹Ml ®u ®Ịu ®∙ Mlê M¹ol hÇu.
Hnmot Duot otÈot ®Çu ol×o rB xB, MlØ glÊy µég vÇot µỈg grêe ®á võB ol« hªo
Mlç sãot o}íM ho víe Ml©o grêe grªo lå §éot §×ol, µmu grêe s¾M o}íM, v« Mïot
gr¸ot hƯ, M}êe ỗe "TÜol MB MB, Pl¹µ V¨o ClÝol M«ot hmµ v¨o ỗe rÊg lBy : Nt˵ e
xB, og s«ot hío, cªol µ«ot Mo Mo, b¸g ot¸g kl«ot bê, Síµ quBot gèe rỵp,
klÝ g}ỵot µu«o otmo. C¶ol s¾M ol} glÕ l¸ kl«ot ®¸ot gl}ëot gløM sBn? Mlóot gB
hªo ot µÊy MlÐo". Qu¸Ml TÜol klio lBy, lBe ot}êe hªo hÇu ol×o gíe Mlç l«µ quB
Mïot otåe ot r}ỵu, olí h¹e ol÷ot otuy lµ grïot grïot grnot ®ªµ, bÊg te¸M ol×o
olBu M}êe µég got.
Nl¹M D}¬ot kl«ot Mã r}ỵu otno, ol}ot s¬o glđy l÷u g×ol Mòot ®đ klnBo
kln¸e. HBe ot}êe ®èe ȵ ot vme MlÐo, Hnmot Duot Mlỵg sÞ µỈg, Mã vỴ gøM to,
ỗe "TÜol MB MB, ot}¬e kl«ot gèg?". Qu¸Ml TÜol tg µ×ol vée láe "Cluo t× glÕ
Tài liệu Advanced Linux Programming: 4-Threads docx
65
4.1 Thread Creation
pthread_t thread2_id;
struct char_print_parms thread1_args;
struct char_print_parms thread2_args;
/* Create a new thread to print 30,000 ’x’s. */
thread1_args.character = ’x’;
thread1_args.count = 30000;
pthread_create (&thread1_id, NULL, &char_print, &thread1_args);
/* Create a new thread to print 20,000 o’s. */
thread2_args.character = ’o’;
thread2_args.count = 20000;
pthread_create (&thread2_id, NULL, &char_print, &thread2_args);
return 0;
}
But wait! The program in Listing 4.2 has a serious bug in it.The main thread (which
runs the main function) creates the thread parameter structures (thread1_args and
thread2_args) as local variables, and then passes pointers to these structures to the
threads it creates.What’s to prevent Linux from scheduling the three threads in such a
way that main finishes executing before either of the other two threads are done?
Nothing! But if this happens, the memory containing the thread parameter structures
will be deallocated while the other two threads are still accessing it.
4.1.2 Joining Threads
One solution is to force main to wait until the other two threads are done.What we
need is a function similar to wait that waits for a thread to finish instead of a process.
That function is pthread_join, which takes two arguments: the thread ID of the
thread to wait for, and a pointer to a void* variable that will receive the finished
thread’s return value. If you don’t care about the thread return value, pass NULL as the
second argument.
Listing 4.3 shows the corrected main function for the buggy example in Listing 4.2.
In this version,
main does not exit until both of the threads printing x’s and o’s have
completed, so they are no longer using the argument structures.
Listing 4.3 Revised Main Function for thread-create2.c
int main ()
{
pthread_t thread1_id;
pthread_t thread2_id;
struct char_print_parms thread1_args;
struct char_print_parms thread2_args;
continues
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Chapter 4 Threads
/* Create a new thread to print 30,000 x’s. */
thread1_args.character = ’x’;
thread1_args.count = 30000;
pthread_create (&thread1_id, NULL, &char_print, &thread1_args);
/* Create a new thread to print 20,000 o’s. */
thread2_args.character = ’o’;
thread2_args.count = 20000;
pthread_create (&thread2_id, NULL, &char_print, &thread2_args);
/* Make sure the first thread has finished. */
pthread_join (thread1_id, NULL);
/* Make sure the second thread has finished. */
pthread_join (thread2_id, NULL);
/* Now we can safely return. */
return 0;
}
The moral of the story: Make sure that any data you pass to a thread by reference is
not deallocated, even by a different thread, until you’re sure that the thread is done with
it.This is true both for local variables, which are deallocated when they go out of
scope, and for heap-allocated variables, which you deallocate by calling free (or using
delete in C++).
4.1.3 Thread Return Values
If the second argument you pass to pthread_join is non-null, the thread’s return value
will be placed in the location pointed to by that argument.The thread return value,
like the thread argument, is of type void*. If you want to pass back a single int or
other small number, you can do this easily by casting the value to void* and then
casting back to the appropriate type after calling
pthread_join.
1
The program in Listing 4.4 computes the nth prime number in a separate thread.
That thread returns the desired prime number as its thread return value.The main
thread, meanwhile, is free to execute other code. Note that the successive division
algorithm used in compute_prime is quite inefficient; consult a book on numerical
algorithims if you need to compute many prime numbers in your programs.
Listing 4.3 Continued
1. Note that this is not portable, and it’s up to you to make sure that your value can be cast
safely to
void* and back without losing bits.
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4.1 Thread Creation
Listing 4.4 ( primes.c) Compute Prime Numbers in a Thread
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/* Compute successive prime numbers (very inefficiently). Return the
Nth prime number, where N is the value pointed to by *ARG. */
void* compute_prime (void* arg)
{
int candidate = 2;
int n = *((int*) arg);
while (1) {
int factor;
int is_prime = 1;
/* Test primality by successive division. */
for (factor = 2; factor < candidate; ++factor)
if (candidate % factor == 0) {
is_prime = 0;
break;
}
/* Is this the prime number we’re looking for? */
if (is_prime) {
if ( n == 0)
/* Return the desired prime number as the thread return value. */
return (void*) candidate;
}
++candidate;
}
return NULL;
}
int main ()
{
pthread_t thread;
int which_prime = 5000;
int prime;
/* Start the computing thread, up to the 5,000th prime number. */
pthread_create (&thread, NULL, &compute_prime, &which_prime);
/* Do some other work here */
/* Wait for the prime number thread to complete, and get the result. */
pthread_join (thread, (void*) &prime);
/* Print the largest prime it computed. */
printf(“The %dth prime number is %d.\n”, which_prime, prime);
return 0;
}
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Chapter 4 Threads
4.1.4 More on Thread IDs
Occasionally, it is useful for a sequence of code to determine which thread is execut-
ing it.The pthread_self function returns the thread ID of the thread in which it is
called.This thread ID may be compared with another thread ID using the
pthread_equal function.
These functions can be useful for determining whether a particular thread ID
corresponds to the current thread. For instance, it is an error for a thread to call
pthread_join to join itself. (In this case, pthread_join would return the error code
EDEADLK.) To check for this beforehand, you might use code like this:
if (!pthread_equal (pthread_self (), other_thread))
pthread_join (other_thread, NULL);
4.1.5 Thread Attributes
Thread attributes provide a mechanism for fine-tuning the behavior of individual
threads. Recall that pthread_create accepts an argument that is a pointer to a thread
attribute object. If you pass a null pointer, the default thread attributes are used to
configure the new thread. However, you may create and customize a thread attribute
object to specify other values for the attributes.
To specify customized thread attributes, you must follow these steps:
1. Create a pthread_attr_t object.The easiest way is simply to declare an auto-
matic variable of this type.
2. Call pthread_attr_init, passing a pointer to this object.This initializes the
attributes to their default values.
3. Modify the attribute object to contain the desired attribute values.
4. Pass a pointer to the attribute object when calling pthread_create.
5. Call pthread_attr_destroy to release the attribute object.The pthread_attr_t
variable itself is not deallocated; it may be reinitialized with pthread_attr_init.
A single thread attribute object may be used to start several threads. It is not necessary
to keep the thread attribute object around after the threads have been created.
For most GNU/Linux application programming tasks, only one thread attribute is
typically of interest (the other available attributes are primarily for specialty real-time
programming).This attribute is the thread’s detach state. A thread may be created as a
joinable thread (the default) or as a detached thread. A joinable thread, like a process, is not
automatically cleaned up by GNU/Linux when it terminates. Instead, the thread’s exit
state hangs around in the system (kind of like a zombie process) until another thread
calls pthread_join to obtain its return value. Only then are its resources released. A
detached thread, in contrast, is cleaned up automatically when it terminates. Because a
detached thread is immediately cleaned up, another thread may not synchronize on its
completion by using pthread_join or obtain its return value.
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69
4.2 Thread Cancellation
To set the detach state in a thread attribute object, use pthread_attr_setdetachstate.
The first argument is a pointer to the thread attribute object, and the second is the
desired detach state. Because the joinable state is the default, it is necessary to call this only
to create detached threads; pass PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED as the second argument.
The code in Listing 4.5 creates a detached thread by setting the detach state thread
attribute for the thread.
Listing 4.5 (detached.c) Skeleton Program That Creates a Detached Thread
#include <pthread.h>
void* thread_function (void* thread_arg)
{
/* Do work here */
}
int main ()
{
pthread_attr_t attr;
pthread_t thread;
pthread_attr_init (&attr);
pthread_attr_setdetachstate (&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
pthread_create (&thread, &attr, &thread_function, NULL);
pthread_attr_destroy (&attr);
/* Do work here */
/* No need to join the second thread. */
return 0;
}
Even if a thread is created in a joinable state, it may later be turned into a detached
thread.To do this, call pthread_detach. Once a thread is detached, it cannot be made
joinable again.
4.2 Thread Cancellation
Under normal circumstances, a thread terminates when it exits normally, either by
returning from its thread function or by calling pthread_exit. However, it is possible
for a thread to request that another thread terminate.This is called canceling a thread.
To cancel a thread, call pthread_cancel, passing the thread ID of the thread to be
canceled. A canceled thread may later be joined; in fact, you should join a canceled
thread to free up its resources, unless the thread is detached (see Section 4.1.5,“Thread
Attributes”).The return value of a canceled thread is the special value given by
PTHREAD_CANCELED.
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Chapter 4 Threads
Often a thread may be in some code that must be executed in an all-or-nothing
fashion. For instance, the thread may allocate some resources, use them, and then deal-
locate them. If the thread is canceled in the middle of this code, it may not have the
opportunity to deallocate the resources, and thus the resources will be leaked.To
counter this possibility, it is possible for a thread to control whether and when it can
be canceled.
A thread may be in one of three states with regard to thread cancellation.
n
The thread may be asynchronously cancelable.The thread may be canceled at any
point in its execution.
n
The thread may be synchronously cancelable.The thread may be canceled, but not
at just any point in its execution. Instead, cancellation requests are queued, and
the thread is canceled only when it reaches specific points in its execution.
n
A thread may be uncancelable.Attempts to cancel the thread are quietly ignored.
When initially created, a thread is synchronously cancelable.
4.2.1 Synchronous and Asynchronous Threads
An asynchronously cancelable thread may be canceled at any point in its execution. A
synchronously cancelable thread, in contrast, may be canceled only at particular places
in its execution.These places are called cancellation points.The thread will queue a can-
cellation request until it reaches the next cancellation point.
To make a thread asynchronously cancelable, use pthread_setcanceltype.This
affects the thread that actually calls the function.The first argument should be
PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS to make the thread asynchronously cancelable, or
PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED to return it to the synchronously cancelable state.The sec-
ond argument, if not null, is a pointer to a variable that will receive the previous can-
cellation type for the thread.This call, for example, makes the calling thread
asynchronously cancelable.
pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, NULL);
What constitutes a cancellation point, and where should these be placed? The most
direct way to create a cancellation point is to call pthread_testcancel.This does
nothing except process a pending cancellation in a synchronously cancelable thread.
You should call pthread_testcancel periodically during lengthy computations in a
thread function, at points where the thread can be canceled without leaking any
resources or producing other ill effects.
Certain other functions are implicitly cancellation points as well.These are listed on
the pthread_cancel man page. Note that other functions may use these functions
internally and thus will indirectly be cancellation points.
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71
4.2 Thread Cancellation
4.2.2 Uncancelable Critical Sections
A thread may disable cancellation of itself altogether with the
pthread_setcancelstate function. Like pthread_setcanceltype, this affects the calling
thread.The first argument is PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE to disable cancellation, or
PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE to re-enable cancellation.The second argument, if not null,
points to a variable that will receive the previous cancellation state.This call, for
instance, disables thread cancellation in the calling thread.
pthread_setcancelstate (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, NULL);
Using pthread_setcancelstate enables you to implement critical sections. A critical sec-
tion is a sequence of code that must be executed either in its entirety or not at all; in
other words, if a thread begins executing the critical section, it must continue until the
end of the critical section without being canceled.
For example, suppose that you’re writing a routine for a banking program that
transfers money from one account to another.To do this, you must add value to the
balance in one account and deduct the same value from the balance of another
account. If the thread running your routine happened to be canceled at just the wrong
time between these two operations, the program would have spuriously increased the
bank’s total deposits by failing to complete the transaction.To prevent this possibility,
place the two operations in a critical section.
You might implement the transfer with a function such as
process_transaction,
shown in Listing 4.6.This function disables thread cancellation to start a critical sec-
tion before it modifies either account balance.
Listing 4.6 (critical-section.c) Protect a Bank Transaction with a Critical Section
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
/* An array of balances in accounts, indexed by account number. */
float* account_balances;
/* Transfer DOLLARS from account FROM_ACCT to account TO_ACCT. Return
0 if the transaction succeeded, or 1 if the balance FROM_ACCT is
too small. */
int process_transaction (int from_acct, int to_acct, float dollars)
{
int old_cancel_state;
/* Check the balance in FROM_ACCT. */
if (account_balances[from_acct] < dollars)
return 1;
continues
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Chapter 4 Threads
/* Begin critical section. */
pthread_setcancelstate (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, &old_cancel_state);
/* Move the money. */
account_balances[to_acct] += dollars;
account_balances[from_acct] -= dollars;
/* End critical section. */
pthread_setcancelstate (old_cancel_state, NULL);
return 0;
}
Note that it’s important to restore the old cancel state at the end of the critical section
rather than setting it unconditionally to PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE.This enables you to
call the process_transaction function safely from within another critical section—in
that case, your function will leave the cancel state the same way it found it.
4.2.3 When to Use Thread Cancellation
In general, it’s a good idea not to use thread cancellation to end the execution of a
thread, except in unusual circumstances. During normal operation, a better strategy is
to indicate to the thread that it should exit, and then to wait for the thread to exit on
its own in an orderly fashion.We’ll discuss techniques for communicating with the
thread later in this chapter, and in Chapter 5,“Interprocess Communication.”
4.3 Thread-Specific Data
Unlike processes, all threads in a single program share the same address space.This
means that if one thread modifies a location in memory (for instance, a global vari-
able), the change is visible to all other threads.This allows multiple threads to operate
on the same data without the use interprocess communication mechanisms (which are
described in Chapter 5).
Each thread has its own call stack, however.This allows each thread to execute dif-
ferent code and to call and return from subroutines in the usual way. As in a single-
threaded program, each invocation of a subroutine in each thread has its own set of
local variables, which are stored on the stack for that thread.
Sometimes, however, it is desirable to duplicate a certain variable so that each
thread has a separate copy. GNU/Linux supports this by providing each thread with a
thread-specific data area.The variables stored in this area are duplicated for each thread,
and each thread may modify its copy of a variable without affecting other threads.
Because all threads share the same memory space, thread-specific data may not be
accessed using normal variable references. GNU/Linux provides special functions for
setting and retrieving values from the thread-specific data area.
Listing 4.6 Continued
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4.3 Thread-Specific Data
You may create as many thread-specific data items as you want, each of type void*.
Each item is referenced by a key.To create a new key, and thus a new data item for
each thread, use pthread_key_create.The first argument is a pointer to a
pthread_key_t variable.That key value can be used by each thread to access its own
copy of the corresponding data item.The second argument to pthread_key_t is a
cleanup function. If you pass a function pointer here, GNU/Linux automatically calls
that function when each thread exits, passing the thread-specific value corresponding
to that key.This is particularly handy because the cleanup function is called even if the
thread is canceled at some arbitrary point in its execution. If the thread-specific value
is null, the thread cleanup function is not called. If you don’t need a cleanup function,
you may pass null instead of a function pointer.
After you’ve created a key, each thread can set its thread-specific value correspond-
ing to that key by calling
pthread_setspecific.The first argument is the key, and the
second is the void* thread-specific value to store.To retrieve a thread-specific data
item, call pthread_getspecific, passing the key as its argument.
Suppose, for instance, that your application divides a task among multiple threads.
For audit purposes, each thread is to have a separate log file, in which progress mes-
sages for that thread’s tasks are recorded.The thread-specific data area is a convenient
place to store the file pointer for the log file for each individual thread.
Listing 4.7 shows how you might implement this.The main function in this sample
program creates a key to store the thread-specific file pointer and then stores it in
thread_log_key. Because this is a global variable, it is shared by all threads.When each
thread starts executing its thread function, it opens a log file and stores the file pointer
under that key. Later, any of these threads may call write_to_thread_log to write a
message to the thread-specific log file.That function retrieves the file pointer for the
thread’s log file from thread-specific data and writes the message.
Listing 4.7 (tsd.c) Per-Thread Log Files Implemented with Thread-Specific Data
#include <malloc.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/* The key used to associate a log file pointer with each thread. */
static pthread_key_t thread_log_key;
/* Write MESSAGE to the log file for the current thread. */
void write_to_thread_log (const char* message)
{
FILE* thread_log = (FILE*) pthread_getspecific (thread_log_key);
fprintf (thread_log, “%s\n”, message);
}
/* Close the log file pointer THREAD_LOG. */
void close_thread_log (void* thread_log)
continues
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Chapter 4 Threads
{
fclose ((FILE*) thread_log);
}
void* thread_function (void* args)
{
char thread_log_filename[20];
FILE* thread_log;
/* Generate the filename for this thread’s log file. */
sprintf (thread_log_filename, “thread%d.log”, (int) pthread_self ());
/* Open the log file. */
thread_log = fopen (thread_log_filename, “w”);
/* Store the file pointer in thread-specific data under thread_log_key. */
pthread_setspecific (thread_log_key, thread_log);
write_to_thread_log (“Thread starting.”);
/* Do work here */
return NULL;
}
int main ()
{
int i;
pthread_t threads[5];
/* Create a key to associate thread log file pointers in
thread-specific data. Use close_thread_log to clean up the file
pointers. */
pthread_key_create (&thread_log_key, close_thread_log);
/* Create threads to do the work. */
for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
pthread_create (&(threads[i]), NULL, thread_function, NULL);
/* Wait for all threads to finish. */
for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
pthread_join (threads[i], NULL);
return 0;
}
Observe that thread_function does not need to close the log file.That’s because when
the log file key was created, close_thread_log was specified as the cleanup function
for that key.Whenever a thread exits, GNU/Linux calls that function, passing the
thread-specific value for the thread log key.This function takes care of closing the
log file.
Listing 4.7 Continued
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4.1 Thread Creation
pthread_t thread2_id;
struct char_print_parms thread1_args;
struct char_print_parms thread2_args;
/* Create a new thread to print 30,000 ’x’s. */
thread1_args.character = ’x’;
thread1_args.count = 30000;
pthread_create (&thread1_id, NULL, &char_print, &thread1_args);
/* Create a new thread to print 20,000 o’s. */
thread2_args.character = ’o’;
thread2_args.count = 20000;
pthread_create (&thread2_id, NULL, &char_print, &thread2_args);
return 0;
}
But wait! The program in Listing 4.2 has a serious bug in it.The main thread (which
runs the main function) creates the thread parameter structures (thread1_args and
thread2_args) as local variables, and then passes pointers to these structures to the
threads it creates.What’s to prevent Linux from scheduling the three threads in such a
way that main finishes executing before either of the other two threads are done?
Nothing! But if this happens, the memory containing the thread parameter structures
will be deallocated while the other two threads are still accessing it.
4.1.2 Joining Threads
One solution is to force main to wait until the other two threads are done.What we
need is a function similar to wait that waits for a thread to finish instead of a process.
That function is pthread_join, which takes two arguments: the thread ID of the
thread to wait for, and a pointer to a void* variable that will receive the finished
thread’s return value. If you don’t care about the thread return value, pass NULL as the
second argument.
Listing 4.3 shows the corrected main function for the buggy example in Listing 4.2.
In this version,
main does not exit until both of the threads printing x’s and o’s have
completed, so they are no longer using the argument structures.
Listing 4.3 Revised Main Function for thread-create2.c
int main ()
{
pthread_t thread1_id;
pthread_t thread2_id;
struct char_print_parms thread1_args;
struct char_print_parms thread2_args;
continues
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Chapter 4 Threads
/* Create a new thread to print 30,000 x’s. */
thread1_args.character = ’x’;
thread1_args.count = 30000;
pthread_create (&thread1_id, NULL, &char_print, &thread1_args);
/* Create a new thread to print 20,000 o’s. */
thread2_args.character = ’o’;
thread2_args.count = 20000;
pthread_create (&thread2_id, NULL, &char_print, &thread2_args);
/* Make sure the first thread has finished. */
pthread_join (thread1_id, NULL);
/* Make sure the second thread has finished. */
pthread_join (thread2_id, NULL);
/* Now we can safely return. */
return 0;
}
The moral of the story: Make sure that any data you pass to a thread by reference is
not deallocated, even by a different thread, until you’re sure that the thread is done with
it.This is true both for local variables, which are deallocated when they go out of
scope, and for heap-allocated variables, which you deallocate by calling free (or using
delete in C++).
4.1.3 Thread Return Values
If the second argument you pass to pthread_join is non-null, the thread’s return value
will be placed in the location pointed to by that argument.The thread return value,
like the thread argument, is of type void*. If you want to pass back a single int or
other small number, you can do this easily by casting the value to void* and then
casting back to the appropriate type after calling
pthread_join.
1
The program in Listing 4.4 computes the nth prime number in a separate thread.
That thread returns the desired prime number as its thread return value.The main
thread, meanwhile, is free to execute other code. Note that the successive division
algorithm used in compute_prime is quite inefficient; consult a book on numerical
algorithims if you need to compute many prime numbers in your programs.
Listing 4.3 Continued
1. Note that this is not portable, and it’s up to you to make sure that your value can be cast
safely to
void* and back without losing bits.
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4.1 Thread Creation
Listing 4.4 ( primes.c) Compute Prime Numbers in a Thread
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/* Compute successive prime numbers (very inefficiently). Return the
Nth prime number, where N is the value pointed to by *ARG. */
void* compute_prime (void* arg)
{
int candidate = 2;
int n = *((int*) arg);
while (1) {
int factor;
int is_prime = 1;
/* Test primality by successive division. */
for (factor = 2; factor < candidate; ++factor)
if (candidate % factor == 0) {
is_prime = 0;
break;
}
/* Is this the prime number we’re looking for? */
if (is_prime) {
if ( n == 0)
/* Return the desired prime number as the thread return value. */
return (void*) candidate;
}
++candidate;
}
return NULL;
}
int main ()
{
pthread_t thread;
int which_prime = 5000;
int prime;
/* Start the computing thread, up to the 5,000th prime number. */
pthread_create (&thread, NULL, &compute_prime, &which_prime);
/* Do some other work here */
/* Wait for the prime number thread to complete, and get the result. */
pthread_join (thread, (void*) &prime);
/* Print the largest prime it computed. */
printf(“The %dth prime number is %d.\n”, which_prime, prime);
return 0;
}
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Chapter 4 Threads
4.1.4 More on Thread IDs
Occasionally, it is useful for a sequence of code to determine which thread is execut-
ing it.The pthread_self function returns the thread ID of the thread in which it is
called.This thread ID may be compared with another thread ID using the
pthread_equal function.
These functions can be useful for determining whether a particular thread ID
corresponds to the current thread. For instance, it is an error for a thread to call
pthread_join to join itself. (In this case, pthread_join would return the error code
EDEADLK.) To check for this beforehand, you might use code like this:
if (!pthread_equal (pthread_self (), other_thread))
pthread_join (other_thread, NULL);
4.1.5 Thread Attributes
Thread attributes provide a mechanism for fine-tuning the behavior of individual
threads. Recall that pthread_create accepts an argument that is a pointer to a thread
attribute object. If you pass a null pointer, the default thread attributes are used to
configure the new thread. However, you may create and customize a thread attribute
object to specify other values for the attributes.
To specify customized thread attributes, you must follow these steps:
1. Create a pthread_attr_t object.The easiest way is simply to declare an auto-
matic variable of this type.
2. Call pthread_attr_init, passing a pointer to this object.This initializes the
attributes to their default values.
3. Modify the attribute object to contain the desired attribute values.
4. Pass a pointer to the attribute object when calling pthread_create.
5. Call pthread_attr_destroy to release the attribute object.The pthread_attr_t
variable itself is not deallocated; it may be reinitialized with pthread_attr_init.
A single thread attribute object may be used to start several threads. It is not necessary
to keep the thread attribute object around after the threads have been created.
For most GNU/Linux application programming tasks, only one thread attribute is
typically of interest (the other available attributes are primarily for specialty real-time
programming).This attribute is the thread’s detach state. A thread may be created as a
joinable thread (the default) or as a detached thread. A joinable thread, like a process, is not
automatically cleaned up by GNU/Linux when it terminates. Instead, the thread’s exit
state hangs around in the system (kind of like a zombie process) until another thread
calls pthread_join to obtain its return value. Only then are its resources released. A
detached thread, in contrast, is cleaned up automatically when it terminates. Because a
detached thread is immediately cleaned up, another thread may not synchronize on its
completion by using pthread_join or obtain its return value.
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69
4.2 Thread Cancellation
To set the detach state in a thread attribute object, use pthread_attr_setdetachstate.
The first argument is a pointer to the thread attribute object, and the second is the
desired detach state. Because the joinable state is the default, it is necessary to call this only
to create detached threads; pass PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED as the second argument.
The code in Listing 4.5 creates a detached thread by setting the detach state thread
attribute for the thread.
Listing 4.5 (detached.c) Skeleton Program That Creates a Detached Thread
#include <pthread.h>
void* thread_function (void* thread_arg)
{
/* Do work here */
}
int main ()
{
pthread_attr_t attr;
pthread_t thread;
pthread_attr_init (&attr);
pthread_attr_setdetachstate (&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
pthread_create (&thread, &attr, &thread_function, NULL);
pthread_attr_destroy (&attr);
/* Do work here */
/* No need to join the second thread. */
return 0;
}
Even if a thread is created in a joinable state, it may later be turned into a detached
thread.To do this, call pthread_detach. Once a thread is detached, it cannot be made
joinable again.
4.2 Thread Cancellation
Under normal circumstances, a thread terminates when it exits normally, either by
returning from its thread function or by calling pthread_exit. However, it is possible
for a thread to request that another thread terminate.This is called canceling a thread.
To cancel a thread, call pthread_cancel, passing the thread ID of the thread to be
canceled. A canceled thread may later be joined; in fact, you should join a canceled
thread to free up its resources, unless the thread is detached (see Section 4.1.5,“Thread
Attributes”).The return value of a canceled thread is the special value given by
PTHREAD_CANCELED.
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Chapter 4 Threads
Often a thread may be in some code that must be executed in an all-or-nothing
fashion. For instance, the thread may allocate some resources, use them, and then deal-
locate them. If the thread is canceled in the middle of this code, it may not have the
opportunity to deallocate the resources, and thus the resources will be leaked.To
counter this possibility, it is possible for a thread to control whether and when it can
be canceled.
A thread may be in one of three states with regard to thread cancellation.
n
The thread may be asynchronously cancelable.The thread may be canceled at any
point in its execution.
n
The thread may be synchronously cancelable.The thread may be canceled, but not
at just any point in its execution. Instead, cancellation requests are queued, and
the thread is canceled only when it reaches specific points in its execution.
n
A thread may be uncancelable.Attempts to cancel the thread are quietly ignored.
When initially created, a thread is synchronously cancelable.
4.2.1 Synchronous and Asynchronous Threads
An asynchronously cancelable thread may be canceled at any point in its execution. A
synchronously cancelable thread, in contrast, may be canceled only at particular places
in its execution.These places are called cancellation points.The thread will queue a can-
cellation request until it reaches the next cancellation point.
To make a thread asynchronously cancelable, use pthread_setcanceltype.This
affects the thread that actually calls the function.The first argument should be
PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS to make the thread asynchronously cancelable, or
PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED to return it to the synchronously cancelable state.The sec-
ond argument, if not null, is a pointer to a variable that will receive the previous can-
cellation type for the thread.This call, for example, makes the calling thread
asynchronously cancelable.
pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, NULL);
What constitutes a cancellation point, and where should these be placed? The most
direct way to create a cancellation point is to call pthread_testcancel.This does
nothing except process a pending cancellation in a synchronously cancelable thread.
You should call pthread_testcancel periodically during lengthy computations in a
thread function, at points where the thread can be canceled without leaking any
resources or producing other ill effects.
Certain other functions are implicitly cancellation points as well.These are listed on
the pthread_cancel man page. Note that other functions may use these functions
internally and thus will indirectly be cancellation points.
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4.2 Thread Cancellation
4.2.2 Uncancelable Critical Sections
A thread may disable cancellation of itself altogether with the
pthread_setcancelstate function. Like pthread_setcanceltype, this affects the calling
thread.The first argument is PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE to disable cancellation, or
PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE to re-enable cancellation.The second argument, if not null,
points to a variable that will receive the previous cancellation state.This call, for
instance, disables thread cancellation in the calling thread.
pthread_setcancelstate (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, NULL);
Using pthread_setcancelstate enables you to implement critical sections. A critical sec-
tion is a sequence of code that must be executed either in its entirety or not at all; in
other words, if a thread begins executing the critical section, it must continue until the
end of the critical section without being canceled.
For example, suppose that you’re writing a routine for a banking program that
transfers money from one account to another.To do this, you must add value to the
balance in one account and deduct the same value from the balance of another
account. If the thread running your routine happened to be canceled at just the wrong
time between these two operations, the program would have spuriously increased the
bank’s total deposits by failing to complete the transaction.To prevent this possibility,
place the two operations in a critical section.
You might implement the transfer with a function such as
process_transaction,
shown in Listing 4.6.This function disables thread cancellation to start a critical sec-
tion before it modifies either account balance.
Listing 4.6 (critical-section.c) Protect a Bank Transaction with a Critical Section
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
/* An array of balances in accounts, indexed by account number. */
float* account_balances;
/* Transfer DOLLARS from account FROM_ACCT to account TO_ACCT. Return
0 if the transaction succeeded, or 1 if the balance FROM_ACCT is
too small. */
int process_transaction (int from_acct, int to_acct, float dollars)
{
int old_cancel_state;
/* Check the balance in FROM_ACCT. */
if (account_balances[from_acct] < dollars)
return 1;
continues
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Chapter 4 Threads
/* Begin critical section. */
pthread_setcancelstate (PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, &old_cancel_state);
/* Move the money. */
account_balances[to_acct] += dollars;
account_balances[from_acct] -= dollars;
/* End critical section. */
pthread_setcancelstate (old_cancel_state, NULL);
return 0;
}
Note that it’s important to restore the old cancel state at the end of the critical section
rather than setting it unconditionally to PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE.This enables you to
call the process_transaction function safely from within another critical section—in
that case, your function will leave the cancel state the same way it found it.
4.2.3 When to Use Thread Cancellation
In general, it’s a good idea not to use thread cancellation to end the execution of a
thread, except in unusual circumstances. During normal operation, a better strategy is
to indicate to the thread that it should exit, and then to wait for the thread to exit on
its own in an orderly fashion.We’ll discuss techniques for communicating with the
thread later in this chapter, and in Chapter 5,“Interprocess Communication.”
4.3 Thread-Specific Data
Unlike processes, all threads in a single program share the same address space.This
means that if one thread modifies a location in memory (for instance, a global vari-
able), the change is visible to all other threads.This allows multiple threads to operate
on the same data without the use interprocess communication mechanisms (which are
described in Chapter 5).
Each thread has its own call stack, however.This allows each thread to execute dif-
ferent code and to call and return from subroutines in the usual way. As in a single-
threaded program, each invocation of a subroutine in each thread has its own set of
local variables, which are stored on the stack for that thread.
Sometimes, however, it is desirable to duplicate a certain variable so that each
thread has a separate copy. GNU/Linux supports this by providing each thread with a
thread-specific data area.The variables stored in this area are duplicated for each thread,
and each thread may modify its copy of a variable without affecting other threads.
Because all threads share the same memory space, thread-specific data may not be
accessed using normal variable references. GNU/Linux provides special functions for
setting and retrieving values from the thread-specific data area.
Listing 4.6 Continued
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73
4.3 Thread-Specific Data
You may create as many thread-specific data items as you want, each of type void*.
Each item is referenced by a key.To create a new key, and thus a new data item for
each thread, use pthread_key_create.The first argument is a pointer to a
pthread_key_t variable.That key value can be used by each thread to access its own
copy of the corresponding data item.The second argument to pthread_key_t is a
cleanup function. If you pass a function pointer here, GNU/Linux automatically calls
that function when each thread exits, passing the thread-specific value corresponding
to that key.This is particularly handy because the cleanup function is called even if the
thread is canceled at some arbitrary point in its execution. If the thread-specific value
is null, the thread cleanup function is not called. If you don’t need a cleanup function,
you may pass null instead of a function pointer.
After you’ve created a key, each thread can set its thread-specific value correspond-
ing to that key by calling
pthread_setspecific.The first argument is the key, and the
second is the void* thread-specific value to store.To retrieve a thread-specific data
item, call pthread_getspecific, passing the key as its argument.
Suppose, for instance, that your application divides a task among multiple threads.
For audit purposes, each thread is to have a separate log file, in which progress mes-
sages for that thread’s tasks are recorded.The thread-specific data area is a convenient
place to store the file pointer for the log file for each individual thread.
Listing 4.7 shows how you might implement this.The main function in this sample
program creates a key to store the thread-specific file pointer and then stores it in
thread_log_key. Because this is a global variable, it is shared by all threads.When each
thread starts executing its thread function, it opens a log file and stores the file pointer
under that key. Later, any of these threads may call write_to_thread_log to write a
message to the thread-specific log file.That function retrieves the file pointer for the
thread’s log file from thread-specific data and writes the message.
Listing 4.7 (tsd.c) Per-Thread Log Files Implemented with Thread-Specific Data
#include <malloc.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/* The key used to associate a log file pointer with each thread. */
static pthread_key_t thread_log_key;
/* Write MESSAGE to the log file for the current thread. */
void write_to_thread_log (const char* message)
{
FILE* thread_log = (FILE*) pthread_getspecific (thread_log_key);
fprintf (thread_log, “%s\n”, message);
}
/* Close the log file pointer THREAD_LOG. */
void close_thread_log (void* thread_log)
continues
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Chapter 4 Threads
{
fclose ((FILE*) thread_log);
}
void* thread_function (void* args)
{
char thread_log_filename[20];
FILE* thread_log;
/* Generate the filename for this thread’s log file. */
sprintf (thread_log_filename, “thread%d.log”, (int) pthread_self ());
/* Open the log file. */
thread_log = fopen (thread_log_filename, “w”);
/* Store the file pointer in thread-specific data under thread_log_key. */
pthread_setspecific (thread_log_key, thread_log);
write_to_thread_log (“Thread starting.”);
/* Do work here */
return NULL;
}
int main ()
{
int i;
pthread_t threads[5];
/* Create a key to associate thread log file pointers in
thread-specific data. Use close_thread_log to clean up the file
pointers. */
pthread_key_create (&thread_log_key, close_thread_log);
/* Create threads to do the work. */
for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
pthread_create (&(threads[i]), NULL, thread_function, NULL);
/* Wait for all threads to finish. */
for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
pthread_join (threads[i], NULL);
return 0;
}
Observe that thread_function does not need to close the log file.That’s because when
the log file key was created, close_thread_log was specified as the cleanup function
for that key.Whenever a thread exits, GNU/Linux calls that function, passing the
thread-specific value for the thread log key.This function takes care of closing the
log file.
Listing 4.7 Continued
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